The origin of methanethiol in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluids

Abstract

Simple alkyl thiols such as methanethiol (CH3SH) are widely speculated to form in seafloor hot spring fluids. Putative CH3SH synthesis by abiotic (non-biological) reduction of inorganic carbon (CO2 or CO) has been invoked as an initiation reaction for the emergence of proto-metabolism and microbial life in primordial hydrothermal settings. Thiols are also presumptive ligands for hydrothermal trace metals and potential fuels for associated microbial communities. In an effort to constrain sources and sinks of CH3SH in seafloor hydrothermal systems, we determined for the first time its abundance in diverse hydrothermal fluids emanating from ultramafic, mafic and sediment-covered mid-ocean ridge settings. Our data demonstrate that the distribution of CH3SH is inconsistent with metastable equilibrium with inorganic carbon, indicating production by abiotic carbon reduction is more limited than previously proposed. CH3SH concentrations are uniformly low (~10-8 M) in high-temperature fluids (>200°C) from all unsedimented systems, and in many cases suggestive of metastable equilibrium with CH4 instead. Associated low-temperature fluids (<200°C) formed by admixing of seawater, however, are invariably enriched in CH3SH (up to ~10-6 M) along with NH4+ and low molecular weight hydrocarbons relative to high-temperature source fluids, resembling our observations from a sedimented system. This strongly implicates thermogenic interactions between upwelling fluids and microbial biomass or associated dissolved organic matter during subsurface mixing in crustal aquifers. Widespread thermal degradation of subsurface organic matter may be an important source of organic production in unsedimented hydrothermal systems, and may influence microbial metabolic strategies in cooler near-seafloor and plume habitats.