Manning James P.

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Manning

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James P.

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Estimates of dispersion from clustered-drifter deployments on the southern flank of Georges Bank

( 2006-03-21) Manning, James P. ; Churchill, James H.

Data from 16 clustered-drifter deployments are used to examine horizontal dispersion on the southern flank of Georges Bank. The spreading rates of all clusters have an average of 1.6 km d-1 with a standard deviation of 1.8 km d-1. Both "effective" and "apparent" diffusivities are calculated for each cluster. Their ranges (i.e., -54 to 757 m2 s-1 for effective diffusivity) are related to differences in cluster size and proximity to the tidal mixing front. Cross-bank convergence is documented for nearly 40% of the clusters. This occurs especially for clusters with centroids within 10 km of the tidal mixing front location, as deduced from conductivity, temperature, and depth transects (CTD) conducted concurrently with the cluster deployments. Estimates of turbulent dispersion (distinct from shear effects) are derived by the method of Okubo and Ebbysmeyer (Okubo, A. and Ebbesmeyer, C.C., 1976. Determination of vorticity, divergence, and deformation rates from analysis of drogue observations. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 349-352). The results reveal that the effects of horizontal shear are important in spreading of larger drifter clusters. Often the impact of shear is evidenced by the track of a lone drifter that separates from a cluster as it is entrained into the current of the shelf-edge front or the tidal mixing front. Cluster dispersion is time dependent as evidenced by a significant modulation of cluster size at the M2 tidal frequency. This modulation is due to the spatial variation of tidal currents over the southern flank of Georges Bank and is closely reproduced by immersing drifter clusters into the flow field of a Georges Bank tidal model.
The 1995 Georges Bank Stratification Study and moored array measurements

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2001-08) Alessi, Carol A. ; Beardsley, Robert C. ; Caruso, Michael J. ; Churchill, James H. ; Irish, James D. ; Lentz, Steven J. ; Limeburner, Richard ; Werner, R. ; Weller, Robert A. ; Williams, Albert J. ; Williams, William J. ; Manning, James P. ; Smith, P.

The 1995 Geoges Bank Stratification Study (GBSS) was the first intensive process study conducted as part of the U.S. GLOBEC Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank field program. The GBSS was designed to investigate the physical processes which control the seasonal development of stratification along the southern flank of Georges Bank during spring and summer. Past work suggested that during this period, larval cod and haddock tended to aggregate to the thermocline on the southern flank where higher concentrations of their copepod prey were found. A moored array was deployed as part of GBSS to observe the onset and evolution of sesonal stratification over the southern flank with sufficient vertical and horizontal resolution that key physical processes could be identified and quantified. Moored current, temperature, and conductivity (salinity) measurements were made at three sites along the southern flank, one on the crest, and one on the northeast peak of the bank. Moored surface meteorological measurements were also made at one southern flank site to determine the surface wind stress and heat and moisture fluxes. The oceanographic and meteorological data collected with the GBSS array during January-August 1995 are presented in this report. Meteorological data collected on National Data Buoy Center environmental buoys 44011 (Georges Bank), 44008 (Nantucket Shoals), and 44005 (Gulf of Maine) are included in this report for completeness and comparison with the GBSS southern flank meteorological measurements.
Small scale drifters deployed from 10 process cruises into the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank from 1995-1999 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program (GB project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-10-31) Churchill, James ; Manning, James P.

Small scale drifters deployed from 10 process cruises into the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank from 1995-1999 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2430
Ship data collected along the track during R/V Edwin Link cruises EL9904 and EL9905 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program in 1999

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-10-28) Fisher, Karen ; Manning, James P. ; Smith, Peter C.

Ship data collected along the track during R/V Edwin Link cruises EL9904 and EL9905 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program in 1999. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2413
Extracted Chlorophyll and Phaeopigment data collected from R/V Endeavor cruises EN259, EN262, EN264, EN266, and EN267II in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank in 1995 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program (GB project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-10-28) Gifford, Dian J. ; Manning, James P.

Extracted Chlorophyll and Phaeopigment data collected from R/V Endeavor cruises EN259, EN262, EN264, EN266, and EN267II in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank in 1995 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2416
Spreading pathways of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station wastewater in and around Cape Cod Bay: Estimates from ocean drifter observations

(Elsevier, 2022-10-19) Rypina, Irina I. ; Macdonald, Alison ; Yoshida, Sachiko ; Manning, James P. ; Gregory, Margaret ; Rozen, Nimrod ; Buesseler, Ken

Near-surface drifter observations were used to study the spreading pathways in and around the Cape Cod Bay from a source region located just offshore of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station. The study was motivated by the recent closing of the power plant and a possible release of accumulated wastewater. The investigation applies several different techniques to the drifter data set to estimate and quantify various aspects of the circulation and spreading. Our goal was two-fold: first, to better understand and predict the fate of the Pilgrim wastewater should it be released; and second, to review, compare, and contrast several useful techniques that can be applied to drifter datasets in other parts of the global ocean. Our analysis suggests weaker spreading of the wastewater plume inside the Bay than outside, and sensitivity of the advection pathways to the location of the release. Statistical techniques predicted that part of the plume would likely be advected cyclonically around the inner coastline of the Bay towards the more quiescent eastern regions, while another part of the plume would likely pass close to the tip of Cape Cod and the beaches of the Outer Cape. For the soluble radionuclides, the levels observed in our statistical model offshore of Provincetown and Dennis/Brewster will be at least 100 times smaller than the initial concentrations.
Ship data collected along the track during R/V Oceanus cruises OC296, OC301, and OC303 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program in 1997 (GB project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-10-28) Manning, James P.

Ship data collected along the track during R/V Oceanus cruises OC296, OC301, and OC303 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program in 1997. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2414
Ship sensor data collected along the track during R/V Seward Johnson cruise SJ9505 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank in 1995 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program (GB project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2020-02-27) Manning, James P.

Ship sensor data collected along the track during R/V Seward Johnson cruise SJ9505 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank in 1995 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program (GB project) For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2415
Ship data collected along the track during AlbatrossIV broadscale cruises to the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank in the U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank project from 1995-1999 (GB project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2020-02-27) Manning, James P.

Ship data collected along the track during AlbatrossIV broadscale cruises to the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank in the U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank project from 1995-1999 (GB project) For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2390
Chlorophyll data from R/V Endeavor cruises EN321 and EN325 to Georges Bank in 1999 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program (GB project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-10-28) Gifford, Dian J. ; Manning, James P.

Chlorophyll data from R/V Endeavor cruises EN321 and EN325 to Georges Bank in 1999 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2417
Wind-induced, cross-frontal exchange on Georges Bank : a mechanism for early summer on-bank biological particle transport

(American Geophysical Union, 2003-11-29) Chen, Changsheng ; Schlitz, Ronald J. ; Lough, R. Gregory ; Smith, Keston W. ; Beardsley, Robert C. ; Manning, James P.

Water exchange across the tidal-mixing front on the southern flank of Georges Bank (GB) is examined using a two-dimensional (2D) primitive equation ocean model. The model domain features a cross-frontal transect including a June 1999 hydrographic (CTD)/ADCP study made as part of the U.S. GLOBEC Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank program. The model was initialized with temperature and salinity fields taken on the 15 June 1999 CTD section and run prognostically with tidal forcing, measured winds, and representative surface heat flux. The results show that fluctuations of wind plus tidal mixing can play the following essential role in the short-term transport of water and particles from the stratified region to the mixed region on GB in early summer, when stratification is just developing with a weak thermocline at a depth of about 10 m. First, a passing weather front drives a wind-induced on-bank Ekman transport of the upper part of the water column at the tidal-mixing front and associated particles in the surface mixed layer. Then, when the wind relaxes or changes direction, the water in the on-bank extension of the front (above the thermocline) mixes quickly through enhanced tidal motion in shallower depths of water. As a result, particles that are advected along the extended front stay in the previously well-mixed region of the bank. Surface heating tends to increase the strength of the thermocline and reduce the thickness of the surface mixed layer. This in turn accelerates the on-bank movement of the front under an easterly wind favorable for Ekman transport and thus enhances the on-bank, cross-frontal transport of particles. Since the wind-induced, cross-frontal on-bank transport of water can occur episodically during passages of meteorological fronts, these could produce a larger net cross-frontal flux than that produced by just tidal forcing on equivalent timescales. Therefore wind-induced processes can be important in the on-bank cross-frontal flux of copepods and other zooplankton species that exhibit shallow maxima in their vertical distributions over the southern flank of GB in early summer.
Model simulations of the Bay of Fundy Gyre : 2. Hindcasts for 2005–2007 reveal interannual variability in retentiveness

(American Geophysical Union, 2009-09-03) Aretxabaleta, Alfredo L. ; McGillicuddy, Dennis J. ; Smith, Keston W. ; Manning, James P. ; Lynch, Daniel R.

A persistent gyre at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy results from a combination of tidal rectification and buoyancy forcing. Here we assess recent interannual variability in the strength of the gyre using data assimilative model simulations. Realistic hindcast representations of the gyre are considered during cruises in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Assimilation of shipboard and moored acoustic Doppler current profiler velocities is used to improve the skill of the simulations, as quantified by comparison with nonassimilated drifter trajectories. Our hindcasts suggest a weakening of the gyre system during May 2005. Retention of simulated passive particles in the gyre during that period was highly reduced. A recovery of the dense water pool in the deep part of the basin by June 2006 resulted in a return to particle retention characteristics similar to climatology. Retention estimates reached a maximum during May 2007 (subsurface) and June–July 2007 (near surface). Interannual variability in the strength of the gyre was primarily modulated by the stratification of the dense water pool inside the Grand Manan Basin. These changes in stratification were associated with mixing conditions the preceding fall–winter and/or advectively driven modification of water mass properties.
A red tide of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine

( 2013-04-15) McGillicuddy, Dennis J. ; Brosnahan, Michael L. ; Couture, Darcie A. ; He, Ruoying ; Keafer, Bruce A. ; Manning, James P. ; Martin, Jennifer L. ; Pilskaln, Cynthia H. ; Townsend, David W. ; Anderson, Donald M.

In early July 2009, an unusually high concentration of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense occurred in the western Gulf of Maine, causing surface waters to appear reddish brown to the human eye. The discolored water appeared to be the southern terminus of a large-scale event that caused shellfish toxicity along the entire coast of Maine to the Canadian border. Rapid-response shipboard sampling efforts together with satellite data suggest the water discoloration in the western Gulf of Maine was a highly ephemeral feature of less than two weeks in duration. Flow cytometric analysis of surface samples from the red water indicated the population was undergoing sexual reproduction. Cyst fluxes downstream of the discolored water were the highest ever measured in the Gulf of Maine, and a large deposit of new cysts was observed that fall. Although the mechanisms causing this event remain unknown, its timing coincided with an anomalous period of downwelling-favorable winds that could have played a role in aggregating upward-swimming cells. Regardless of the underlying causes, this event highlights the importance of short-term episodic phenomena on regional population dynamics of A. fundyense.
Suppression of the 2010 Alexandrium fundyense bloom by changes in physical, biological, and chemical properties of the Gulf of Maine

(Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, 2011-11) McGillicuddy, Dennis J. ; Townsend, David W. ; He, Ruoying ; Keafer, Bruce A. ; Kleindinst, Judith L. ; Li, Y. ; Manning, James P. ; Mountain, David G. ; Thomas, Maura A. ; Anderson, Donald M.

For the period 2005–2009, the abundance of resting cysts in bottom sediments from the preceding autumn was a first-order predictor of the overall severity of spring–summer blooms of Alexandrium fundyense in the western Gulf of Maine and southern New England. Cyst abundance off mid-coast Maine was significantly higher in autumn 2009 than it was preceding a major regional bloom in 2005. A seasonal ensemble forecast was computed using a range of forcing conditions for the period 2004–2009, suggesting that a large bloom was likely in the western Gulf of Maine in 2010. This did not materialize, perhaps because environmental conditions in spring–summer 2010 were not favorable for growth of A. fundyense. Water mass anomalies indicate a regional-scale change in circulation with direct influence on A. fundyense's niche. Specifically, near-surface waters were warmer, fresher, more stratified, and had lower nutrients than during the period of observations used to construct the ensemble forecast. Moreover, a weaker-than-normal coastal current lessened A. fundyense transport into the western Gulf of Maine and Massachusetts Bay. Satellite ocean color observations indicate the 2010 spring phytoplankton bloom was more intense than usual. Early season nutrient depletion may have caused a temporal mismatch with A. fundyense's endogenous clock that regulates the timing of cyst germination. These findings highlight the difficulties of ecological forecasting in a changing oceanographic environment, and underscore the need for a sustained observational network to drive such forecasts.
Slope water intrusions onto Georges Bank

(American Geophysical Union, 2003-11-18) Churchill, James H. ; Manning, James P. ; Beardsley, Robert C.

Data from moored instruments and hydrographic cruises of the U.S. GLOBEC NW Atlantic/Georges Bank program reveal a series of intrusions of high-salinity water extending onto the southern flank of Georges Bank during the spring and summer of 1995. On the basis of the layer of maximum salinity, these intrusions may be divided into three different types: near surface, near bottom, and pycnocline. The water mass and flow structure of all intrusions are highly variable, owing partly to wind-driven motions and partly to meanders and eddies formed along the front of the intruding water. The mooring data of May clearly show the passage of two cyclonic features, each with a core of intruding water. While the intrusions are shown to dominate the flux of high-salinity water onto the southern flank, the data examined offer no evidence that intrusions enhance nutrient concentrations over the southern flank.
Direct interaction between the Gulf Stream and the shelfbreak south of New England

(Nature Publishing Group, 2012-08-02) Gawarkiewicz, Glen G. ; Todd, Robert E. ; Plueddemann, Albert J. ; Andres, Magdalena ; Manning, James P.

Sea surface temperature imagery, satellite altimetry, and a surface drifter track reveal an unusual tilt in the Gulf Stream path that brought the Gulf Stream to 39.9°N near the Middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak—200 km north of its mean position—in October 2011, while a large meander brought Gulf Stream water within 12 km of the shelfbreak in December 2011. Near-bottom temperature measurements from lobster traps on the outer continental shelf south of New England show distinct warming events (temperature increases exceeding 6°C) in November and December 2011. Moored profiler measurements over the continental slope show high salinities and temperatures, suggesting that the warm water on the continental shelf originated in the Gulf Stream. The combination of unusual water properties over the shelf and slope in late fall and the subsequent mild winter may affect seasonal stratification and habitat selection for marine life over the continental shelf in 2012.
Data assimilative hindcast of the Gulf of Maine coastal circulation

(American Geophysical Union, 2005-10-12) He, Ruoying ; McGillicuddy, Dennis J. ; Lynch, Daniel R. ; Smith, Keston W. ; Stock, Charles A. ; Manning, James P.

A data assimilative model hindcast of the Gulf of Maine (GOM) coastal circulation during an 11 day field survey in early summer 2003 is presented. In situ observations include surface winds, coastal sea levels, and shelf hydrography as well as moored and shipboard acoustic Doppler D current profiler (ADCP) currents. The hindcast system consists of both forward and inverse models. The forward model is a three-dimensional, nonlinear finite element ocean circulation model, and the inverse models are its linearized frequency domain and time domain counterparts. The model hindcast assimilates both coastal sea levels and ADCP current measurements via the inversion for the unknown sea level open boundary conditions. Model skill is evaluated by the divergence of the observed and modeled drifter trajectories. A mean drifter divergence rate (1.78 km d−1) is found, demonstrating the utility of the inverse data assimilation modeling system in the coastal ocean setting. Model hindcast also reveals complicated hydrodynamic structures and synoptic variability in the GOM coastal circulation and their influences on coastal water material property transport. The complex bottom bathymetric setting offshore of Penobscot and Casco bays is shown to be able to generate local upwelling and downwelling that may be important in local plankton dynamics.
Seabird 911 CTD data from R/V Oceanus and R/V Edwin Link cruises OC301, OC303, EL9904, and EL9905 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank from 1997-1999 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program (GB project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-10-30) Manning, James P.

Seabird 911 CTD data from R/V Oceanus and R/V Edwin Link cruises OC301, OC303, EL9904, and EL9905 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank from 1997-1999 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2429
CTD data from the Gulf of Maine in 1998 from three cruises on the R/V Susan and Caitlyn - SC9801, SC9802, and SC9803 - in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program (GB project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-10-28) Bub, Frank ; Bucklin, Ann ; Manning, James P.

CTD data from the Gulf of Maine in 1998 from three cruises on the R/V Susan and Caitlyn - SC9801, SC9802, and SC9803 - in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2419
Wind Stress from GLOBEC Mooring ST1, the Nantucket Lightship, and buoys 44005, 44003, 44008, 44011, and 44018 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank from 1975-2007 (GB project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2020-01-27) Manning, James P.

Wind Stress from GLOBEC Mooring ST1, the Nantucket Lightship, and buoys 44005, 44003, 44008, 44011, and 44018 in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank from 1975-2007 For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2330

Manning James P.

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