Smith Walker O.

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Smith

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Walker O.

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0000-0003-4304-1980

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Ephemeral surface chlorophyll enhancement at the New England shelf break driven by Ekman restratification

(American Geophysical Union, 2021-12-28) Oliver, Hilde ; Zhang, Weifeng G. ; Archibald, Kevin M. ; Hirzel, Andrew ; Smith, Walker O. ; Sosik, Heidi M. ; Stanley, Rachel H. R. ; McGillicuddy, Dennis J.

The Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) hosts a large and productive marine ecosystem supported by high phytoplankton concentrations. Enhanced surface chlorophyll concentrations at the MAB shelf-break front have been detected in synoptic measurements, yet this feature is not present in seasonal means. To understand why, we assess the conditions associated with enhanced surface chlorophyll at the shelf break. We employ in-situ and remote sensing data, and a 2-dimensional model to show that Ekman restratification driven by upfront winds drives ephemerally enhanced chlorophyll concentrations at the shelf-break front in spring. Using 8-day composite satellite-measured surface chlorophyll concentration data from 2003–2020, we constructed a daily running mean (DRM) climatology of the cross-shelf chlorophyll distribution for the northern MAB region. While the frontal enhancement of chlorophyll is apparent in the DRM climatology, it is not captured in the seasonal climatology due to its short duration of less than a week. In-situ measurements of the frontal chlorophyll enhancement reveal that chlorophyll is highest in spring when the shelf-break front slumps offshore from its steep wintertime position causing restratification in the upper part of the water column. Several restratification mechanisms are possible, but the first day of enhanced chlorophyll at the shelf break corresponds to increasing upfront winds, suggesting that the frontal restratification is driven by offshore Ekman transport of the shelf water over the denser slope water. The 2-dimensional model shows that upfront winds can indeed drive Ekman restratification and alleviate light limitation of phytoplankton growth at the shelf-break front.
Productivity and linkages of the food web of the southern region of the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf

( 2013-11-23) Ballerini, Tosca ; Hofmann, Eileen E. ; Ainley, David G. ; Daly, Kendra L. ; Marrari, Marina ; Ribic, Christine A. ; Smith, Walker O. ; Steele, John H.

The productivity and linkages in the food web of the southern region of the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf were investigated using a multi-trophic level mass balance model. Data collected during the Southern Ocean Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics field program were combined with data from the literature on the abundance and diet composition of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals to calculate energy flows in the food web and to infer the overall food web structure at the annual level. Sensitivity analyses investigated the effects of variability in growth and biomass of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and in the biomass of Antarctic krill predators on the structure and energy fluxes in the food web. Scenario simulations provided insights into the potential responses of the food web to a reduced contribution of large phytoplankton (diatom) production to total primary production, and to reduced consumption of primary production by Antarctic krill and mesozooplankton coincident with increased consumption by microzooplankton and salps. Model-derived estimates of primary production were 187 – 207 g C m-2 y-1, which are consistent with observed values (47-351 g C m-2 y-1). Simulations showed that Antarctic krill provide the majority of energy needed to sustain seabird and marine mammal production, thereby exerting a bottom-up control on higher trophic level predators. Energy transfer to top predators via mesozooplanton was a less efficient pathway, and salps were a production loss pathway because little of the primary production they consumed was passed to higher trophic levels. Increased predominance of small phytoplankton (nanoflagellates and cryptophytes) reduced the production of Antarctic krill and of its predators, including seabirds and seals.
Mesoscale variability in intact and ghost colonies of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea : distribution and abundance

( 2016-05) Smith, Walker O. ; McGillicuddy, Dennis J. ; Olson, Elise M. B. ; Kosnyrev, Valery ; Peacock, Emily E. ; Sosik, Heidi M.

Phaeocystis, a genus with a cosmopolitan distribution and a polymorphic life cycle, was observed during summer in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, where large blooms of this haptophyte regularly occur. The mesoscale vertical and horizontal distributions of colonies of P. antarctica were assessed using a towed Video Plankton Recorder (VPR). The mean size of colonies was 1.20 mm, and mean abundances within the three VPR surveys were 4.86, 1.96, and 11.5 mL-1. In addition to the typical spherical, transparent colonies, the VPR quantified an optically dissimilar form of colony that had a distinctive translucent appearance. It also measured the abundance of collapsed colonies, similar to those observed previously from cultures and mesocosms, which we called “ghost colonies”. The translucent colonial form had a different distribution than the more common colonial form, and at times was more abundant. Relative to intact colonies, the ghost colonies occurred less frequently, with mean abundances in the three surveys being 0.01, 0.08, and 0.0004 mL-1. Ghost colonies generally were found below the euphotic zone, where they often were in greater abundance than intact colonies. However, the relationship of ghost colonies to intact P. antarctica colonies was not direct or consistent, suggesting that the formation of ghost colonies from living colonies and their appearance within the water column were not tightly coupled. Given their relative scarcity and low carbon content, it is unlikely that ghost colonies contribute substantially to vertical flux; however, it is possible that we did not sample periods of major flux events, and as a result minimized the importance of ghost colonies to vertical flux. They do, however, represent a poorly documented feature of polar haptophyte life cycles.
Temporal progression of photosynthetic-strategy in phytoplankton in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

( 2015-12) Ryan-Keogh, Thomas J. ; DeLizo, Liza M. ; Smith, Walker O. ; Sedwick, Peter N. ; McGillicuddy, Dennis J. ; Moore, C. Mark ; Bibby, Thomas S.

The bioavailability of iron influences the distribution, biomass and productivity of phytoplankton in the Ross Sea, one of the most productive regions in the Southern Ocean. We mapped the spatial and temporal extent and severity of iron-limitation of the native phytoplankton assemblage using long- (>24 h) and short-term (24 h) iron- addition experiments along with physiological and molecular characterisations during a cruise to the Ross Sea in December-February 2012. Phytoplankton increased their photosynthetic efficiency in response to iron addition, suggesting proximal iron limitation throughout most of the Ross Sea during summer. Molecular and physiological data further indicate that as nitrate is removed from the surface ocean the phytoplankton community transitions to one displaying an iron-efficient photosynthetic strategy characterised by an increase in the size of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical cross section (σPSII) and a decrease in the chlorophyll-normalised PSII abundance. These results suggest that phytoplankton with the ability to reduce their photosynthetic iron requirements are selected as the growing season progresses, which may drive the well-documented progression from Phaeocystis antarctica- assemblages to diatom-dominated phytoplankton. Such a shift in the assemblage-level photosynthetic strategy potentially mediates further drawdown of nitrate following the development of iron deficient conditions in the Ross Sea.
Synergistic effects of iron and temperature on Antarctic phytoplankton and microzooplankton assemblages

(Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union, 2009-12-21) Rose, J. M. ; Feng, Y. ; DiTullio, Giacomo R. ; Dunbar, Robert B. ; Hare, C. E. ; Lee, Peter A. ; Lohan, Maeve C. ; Long, Matthew C. ; Smith, Walker O. ; Sohst, Bettina M. ; Tozzi, S. ; Zhang, Y. ; Hutchins, David A.

Iron availability and temperature are important limiting factors for the biota in many areas of the world ocean, and both have been predicted to change in future climate scenarios. However, the impacts of combined changes in these two key factors on microbial trophic dynamics and nutrient cycling are unknown. We examined the relative effects of iron addition (+1 nM) and increased temperature (+4°C) on plankton assemblages of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, a region characterized by annual algal blooms and an active microbial community. Increased iron and temperature individually had consistently significant but relatively minor positive effects on total phytoplankton abundance, phytoplankton and microzooplankton community composition, as well as photosynthetic parameters and nutrient drawdown. Unexpectedly, increased iron had a consistently negative impact on microzooplankton abundance, most likely a secondary response to changes in phytoplankton community composition. When iron and temperature were increased in concert, the resulting interactive effects were greatly magnified. This synergy between iron and temperature increases would not have been predictable by examining the effects of each variable individually. Our results suggest the possibility that if iron availability increases under future climate regimes, the impacts of predicted temperature increases on plankton assemblages in polar regions could be significantly enhanced. Such synergistic and antagonistic interactions between individual climate change variables highlight the importance of multivariate studies for marine global change experiments.
A regional, early spring bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii on the New England continental shelf

(American Geophysical Union, 2021-01-15) Smith, Walker O. ; Zhang, Weifeng G. ; Hirzel, Andrew ; Stanley, Rachel M. ; Meyer, Meredith G. ; Sosik, Heidi M. ; Alatalo, Philip ; Oliver, Hilde ; Sandwith, Zoe O. ; Crockford, E. Taylor ; Peacock, Emily E. ; Mehta, Arshia ; McGillicuddy, Dennis J.

The genus Phaeocystis is distributed globally and has considerable ecological, biogeochemical, and societal impacts. Understanding its distribution, growth and ecological impacts has been limited by lack of extensive observations on appropriate scales. In 2018, we investigated the biological dynamics of the New England continental shelf and encountered a substantial bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii. Based on satellite imagery during January through April, the bloom extended over broad expanses of the shelf; furthermore, our observations demonstrated that it reached high biomass levels, with maximum chlorophyll concentrations exceeding 16 µg L−1 and particulate organic carbon levels > 95 µmol L−1. Initially, the bloom was largely confined to waters with temperatures <6°C, which in turn were mostly restricted to shallow areas near the coast. As the bloom progressed, it appeared to sink into the bottom boundary layer; however, enough light and nutrients were available for growth. The bloom was highly productive (net community production integrated through the mixed layer from stations within the bloom averaged 1.16 g C m−2 d−1) and reduced nutrient concentrations considerably. Long‐term coastal observations suggest that Phaeocystis blooms occur sporadically in spring on Nantucket Shoals and presumably expand onto the continental shelf. Based on the distribution of Phaeocystis during our study, we suggest that it can have a significant impact on the overall productivity and ecology of the New England shelf during the winter/spring transition.
Dynamical controls of the eastward transport of overwintering Calanus finmarchicus from the Lofoten Basin to the Continental Slope

(American Geophysical Union, 2022-09-06) Dong, Huizi ; Zhou, Meng ; Smith, Walker O. ; Li, Baosheng ; Hu, Ziyuan ; Basedow, Sünnje L. ; Gaardsted, Frank ; Zhang, Zhaoru ; Zhong, Yisen

iapausing populations of Calanus finmarchicus at depth in the Lofoten Basin (LB) return to the continental shelf and slope off the Lofoten-Vesterålen Islands during the phytoplankton spring bloom to feed and spawn, forming surface swarms with a great abundance. To study how overwintering populations of C. finmarchicus move with the deep currents and return to the shelf, Lagrangian transport characteristics of particles in deep water between 2008 and 2019 were analyzed using Global Ocean Reanalysis and Simulation re-analysis data and Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs). Our analyses revealed that persistent eastward transport of diapausing C. finmarchicus between LB and continental slope occurred mainly between 600 and 1,100 m in the Arctic Intermediate Water. The consistency of the vertical distributions of C. finmarchicus abundance and salinity further suggests that physical factors control the horizontal distribution of the species. Hovmöller diagrams of kinetic energy indicate that there is an eastward advection of mean current at depth. The co-occurrence between the eastward transport of LCSs and the eastward advection of the mean current provides direct evidence that the life history of C. finmarchicus is subjected to physical control in the Norwegian Sea.
Surface chlorophyll anomalies induced by mesoscale eddy-wind interactions in the northern Norwegian Sea

(Frontiers Media, 2022-09-29) Dong, Huizi ; Zhou, Meng ; Raj, Roshin P. ; Smith, Walker O. ; Basedow, Sünnje L. ; Ji, Rubao ; Ashjian, Carin ; Zhang, Zhaoru ; Hu, Ziyuan

The substantial productivity of the northern Norwegian Sea is closely related to its strong mesoscale eddy activity, but how eddies affect phytoplankton biomass levels in the upper ocean through horizontal and vertical transport-mixing has not been well quantified. To assess mesoscale eddy induced ocean surface chlorophyll-a concentration (CHL) anomalies and modulation of eddy-wind interactions in the region, we constructed composite averaged CHL and wind anomalies from 3,841 snapshots of anticyclonic eddies (ACEs) and 2,727 snapshots of cyclonic eddies (CEs) over the period 2000-2020 using satellite altimetry, scatterometry, and ocean color products. Results indicate that eddy pumping induces negative (positive) CHL anomalies within ACEs (CEs), while Ekman pumping caused by wind-eddy interactions induces positive (negative) CHL anomalies within ACEs (CEs). Eddy-induced Ekman upwelling plays a key role in the unusual positive CHL anomalies within the ACEs and results in the vertical transport of nutrients that stimulates phytoplankton growth and elevated productivity of the region. Seasonal shoaling of the mixed layer depth (MLD) results in greater irradiance levels available for phytoplankton growth, thereby promoting spring blooms, which in combination with strong eddy activity leads to large CHL anomalies in May and June. The combined processes of wind-eddy interactions and seasonal shallowing of MLD play a key role in generating surface CHL anomalies and is a major factor in the regulation of phytoplankton biomass in the northern Norwegian Sea.
Bottle data including phosphate, nitrate, total nitrite and nitrate, ammonium, silicate, chlorophyll, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC, PON), and biogenic silica from multiple cruises to the southern Ross Sea, 2001-2006 (IVARS project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-01-28) Smith, Walker O.

The IVARS project was a field effort to document the interannual variations in surface chemical and biological properties in the southern Ross Sea. In involved placed sediment traps and moorings at two sites, and completing hydrographic analyses between the two locations. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/710112
Compilation of primary productivity measurements collected from 1983-2006 from the Ross Sea

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-10-25) Smith, Walker O.

This dataset is a compilation of primary productivity measurements from a total of 449 stations in the Ross Sea. Data were collected on multiple cruises conducted from 1983 to 2006 on USCGC Glacier, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, R/V Polar Duke, USCGC Polar Star, and USCGC Polar Sea. These data were published in a variety of papers, including Wilson et al. (1986), Smith et al. (1999, 2000, 2013), and Nelson and Smith (1991). Many of the productivity data are available within individual data reports available on BCO-DMO (e.g., AESOPS, CORSACS), but others were collected prior to the initiation of a centralized data center and hence are not available except in this dataset. Integrated station data are provided in the attached Supplemental File titled "Integrated Water Column Station Data" (.csv file). See the "Supplemental Files" section of the BCO-DMO dataset landing page for more information on the integrated station data. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/863815
Bottle sample data from CTD casts from the third cruise of SPIROPA project, R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN368, to the New England Shelfbreak in July of 2019

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2022-08-11) McGillicuddy, Dennis J. ; Sosik, Heidi M. ; Zhang, Weifeng Gordon ; Smith, Walker O. ; Stanley, Rachel ; Turner, Jefferson ; Petitpas, Christian

Bottle sample data from CTD casts from the third cruise of SPIROPA project, R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN368, to the New England Shelfbreak in July of 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/849340
Abundance and size distribution of marine snow aggregates from profiles conducted during R/V Polar Star cruises in the Ross Sea, Antarctica between 2001 and 2005.

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-06-10) Asper, Vernon L. ; Smith, Walker O.

“This data set has been updated. Please refer to https://hdl.handle.net/1912/24265 or DOI:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.719478.2 for the latest version of the data set.” Abundance and size distribution of marine snow aggregates from profiles conducted during R/V Polar Star cruises in the Ross Sea, Antarctica between 2001 and 2005. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/719478
Compilation of primary productivity measurements collected from 1983-2006 from the Ross Sea

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-12-02) Smith, Walker O.

This dataset is a compilation of primary productivity measurements from a total of 449 stations in the Ross Sea. Data were collected on multiple cruises conducted from 1983 to 2006 on USCGC Glacier, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, R/V Polar Duke, USCGC Polar Star, and USCGC Polar Sea. These data were published in a variety of papers, including Wilson et al. (1986), Smith et al. (1999, 2000, 2013), and Nelson and Smith (1991). Many of the productivity data are available within individual data reports available on BCO-DMO (e.g., AESOPS, CORSACS), but others were collected prior to the initiation of a centralized data center and hence are not available except in this dataset. Integrated station data are provided in the attached Supplemental File titled "Integrated Water Column Station Data" (.csv file). See the "Supplemental Files" section of the BCO-DMO dataset landing page for more information on the integrated station data. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/863815
Diatom hotspots driven by western boundary current instability

(American Geophysical Union, 2021-05-11) Oliver, Hilde ; Zhang, Weifeng G. ; Smith, Walker O. ; Alatalo, Philip ; Chappell, Phoebe Dreux ; Hirzel, Andrew ; Selden, Corday ; Sosik, Heidi M. ; Stanley, Rachel H. R. ; Zhu, Yifan ; McGillicuddy, Dennis J.

Climatic changes have decreased the stability of the Gulf Stream (GS), increasing the frequency at which its meanders interact with the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) continental shelf and slope region. These intrusions are thought to suppress biological productivity by transporting low-nutrient water to the otherwise productive shelf edge region. Here we present evidence of widespread, anomalously intense subsurface diatom hotspots in the MAB slope sea that likely resulted from a GS intrusion in July 2019. The hotspots (at ∼50 m) were associated with water mass properties characteristic of GS water (∼100 m); it is probable that the hotspots resulted from the upwelling of GS water during its transport into the slope sea, likely by a GS meander directly intruding onto the continental slope east of where the hotspots were observed. Further work is required to unravel how increasingly frequent direct GS intrusions could influence MAB marine ecosystems.
Data from GOVARS iRobot Seaglider AUV-SG-502 released into McMurdo Sound, Southern Ross Sea, 2010-2011 (GOVARS project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-02-05) Smith, Walker O. ; Friedrichs, Marjorie A.M. ; Heywood, Karen J.

Data from GOVARS iRobot Seaglider AUV-SG-502 released into McMurdo Sound, Southern Ross Sea, 2010-2011. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, fluorescence, and optical backscatter data reported in 2-month deployment. Full resolution profiles (surface to 600 m, or near bottom of water column) of temperature, potential temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen from Seaglider equipped with CTD, oxygen, and optical sensors. The glider was released into the southern Ross Sea from the fast ice surrounding McMurdo Sound. The Southern Ross Sea, bounded by -77.436° and 169.517E°, and extending to -76.3403° and 180°; the glider made two long transects near the 76.5° line from the eastern side of the Ross Sea polynya to the dateline, and back; recovery was by the NB Palmer. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/532608
Mass flux, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and biogenic silica flux data from sediment traps in the Ross Sea, 2001-2006 (IVARS project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-01-28) Smith, Walker O.

Mass flux, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and biogenic silica flux data from sediment traps in the Ross Sea, 2001-2006. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/710053
Abundance and size distribution of abandoned (ghost) Phaeocystis colonies from profiles conducted during R/V Polar Star cruises in the Ross Sea, Antarctica between 2001 and 2005.

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-06-12) Asper, Vernon L. ; Smith, Walker O.

“This data set replaces https://hdl.handle.net/1912/24232 or DOI:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.768570.1.” Abundance and size distribution of abandoned (ghost) Phaeocystis colonies from profiles conducted during R/V Polar Star cruises in the Ross Sea, Antarctica between 2001 and 2005. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/768570
Abundance and size distribution of abandoned (ghost) Phaeocystis colonies from profiles conducted during R/V Polar Star cruises in the Ross Sea, Antarctica between 2001 and 2005.

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-06-10) Asper, Vernon L. ; Smith, Walker O.

“This data set has been updated. Please refer to https://hdl.handle.net/1912/24266 or DOI:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.768570.2 for the latest version of the data set.” Abundance and size distribution of abandoned (ghost) Phaeocystis colonies from profiles conducted during R/V Polar Star cruises in the Ross Sea, Antarctica between 2001 and 2005. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/768570
CTD casts from the SPIROPA project from R/V Neil Armstrong cruise AR29, Ronald H. Brown cruise RB1904 and R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN368 to the New England Shelfbreak in 2018 and 2019

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2022-08-11) McGillicuddy, Dennis J. ; Sosik, Heidi M. ; Zhang, Weifeng Gordon ; Smith, Walker O. ; Stanley, Rachel ; Turner, Jefferson ; Petitpas, Christian

CTD casts from the first, second and third cruises of the SPIROPA project. The first cruise (AR29), took place aboard the R/V Neil Armstrong in April 2018, the second cruise (RB1904) on the Ronald H. Brown in May 2019 and the third cruise (TN368) took place on the R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise in July of 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/807119
Data from GOVARS iRobot Seaglider AUV-SG-503 released off Ross Island near Cape Crozier, Southern Ross Sea; 2010-2011 (GOVARS project)

(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-02-05) Smith, Walker O. ; Friedrichs, Marjorie A.M. ; Heywood, Karen J.

Data from GOVARS iRobot Seaglider AUV-SG-503 released off Ross Island near Cape Crozier, Southern Ross Sea; 2010-2011. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, fluorescence, and optical backscatter data reported in 2-month deployment. The glider was released into the southern Ross Sea from Ross Island near Cape Crozier. The Southern Ross Sea, bounded by -77.436 and 169.517E, and extending to 76.109 and 175.099E; the glider made repeated short transects in a restricted area using a repeated bow-tie pattern. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/532643

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