WHOI Unnumbered Reports

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  • Working Paper
    1996 ONR/MTS Buoy Workshop March 26-27, 1996, San Diego, CA : summmary, abstracts, & attendees
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1996-09) Paul, Walter
    Oceanographic buoy technology is a diverse field loosely represented by the Buoy Technology Committee of the Marine Technology Society. Information on oceanographic buoy systems and related is often disseminated anecdotal while some results are communicated and published at various Ocean Technology conferences and in technical reports and journal articles. Every 4 to 6 years a Buoy Workshop has been organized to provide a forum for less formal and more open exchanges of successes and failures in the development of this challenging segment of technology. The Buoy Workshops have served the purpose of a focused exchange of state of the art technology in a single defined area. Buoy research and technology is performed by small groups in diverse locations. Frequently there is little interchange about ongoing work and lessons learned beyond the immediate research team. The 1996 Buoy Workshop was suggested and supported by the Office of Naval Research, in order to foster communication and exchange. The Buoy Workshop was organized to follow with a half day of overlap the 23rd Annual Undersea Cable and Connector Workshop of the Marine Technology Society. Both workshops were held at the end of March at the same hotel in San Diego under the auspices of the Marine Technology Society. About 80 people attended the two-day exchange about buoy technology successes and failures.
  • Working Paper
    Abstracts with program : second International Conference on Paleoceanography, Woods Hole, 6-13 September, 1986
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1986) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
  • Working Paper
    Beach dynamics at Sippewissett Marsh
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1972) Paris, C. Gregory
    This is a preliminary report of a study of beach dynamics at Black Beach, outlying Sippewisset Marsh, near North (West) Falmouth, Massachusetts. This study was initiated in September, 1971, and the analysis of data presented here was completed by August, 1972: most of the work was done in my spare time. This project is not yet completed, but the results to date may be discussed independently. The remainder of the data will be analyzed, as time permits, after the completion of my pre-thesis exams. When the project is completed, I shall prepare a final report.
  • Working Paper
    A bibliography of physical, chemical, and biological studies of rings in the world's oceans
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1983) Olson, Donald B. ; Wiebe, Peter H.
    This bibliography marks the end of several years of sporadic attempts to put together a set of references on rings. The scope of the effort encompasses the chemistry, biology, and physics of the long-lived, coherent features which are commonly referred to as rings after Fuglister (1972). There is a vast literature on the mesoscale eddy field in different parts of the world. The present set of references includes a subset of this body of work. The basic criterion used in the compilation of this bibliography is fairly narrow compared to the range of eddies found in the world's oceans. The emphasis here is on the highly nonlinear features formed due to the instability processes in boundary currents and in the planetary scale jet which surrounds the Antarctic. The nomenclature "ring", refers to the strong encircling current which forms a kinematic trap in which the core of the ring is embedded.
  • Working Paper
    Clio Operations Report for the AT50-10 Saito Cruise
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2024-05-02) Jakuba, Michael V. ; Dalpe, Allisa J.
    This report includes a dive-by-dive operations summary of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Clio during the AT50-10 expedition onboard R/V Atlantis from May-June 2023. Each dive contains information such as launch and recovery times, the payload, mission parameters, noted issues, data plots, and a dive log. Related datasets are hosted by the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO).
  • Working Paper
    The coastal impact of ground water discharge : an assesment of anthropogenic nitrogen loading in Town Cove, Orleans, Massachusetts
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1983-11-14) Teal, John M.
    The shores of Town Cove have been settled for three centuries. As for most of Cape Cod, small, sparsely populated farming and fishing villages of the eighteenth century have given way to a substantial population of permanent residents today, with influxes of summer vacation residents and visitors that can increase the population several fold. Increasing numbers of our senior citizens retire to life-long vacation homes here or build new ones. Most people are attracted to the area because of its natural resources---the clean seaside environment, low wooded hills and the sheltered embayments, such as Town Cove, with clean shellfish, safe recreation and peaceful vistas. Along with growth have come many of the problems of increased population pressure, such as disposal of wastes. Although this problem has several aspects, the one we are addressing has to do .with sewage, or more specifically, with the nitrogen compounds associated with sewage that enter the groundwater and find their way to lakes, ponds, swamps and to the shores of Town Cove. This report contains our findings and assessment of the impact and potential impact of nitrogen from human sources on the Town Cove ecosystem, as well as advice to the Town on the potential impact of diverting sewage nitrogen destined for Town Cove to a nearby saltmarsh. The decision on whether or not to spend substantial amounts of money to install sewers or a septage treatment plant depends on many kinds of technical, regulatory and economic information and projections into the future. In the end, it also depends significantly on individual perceptions of how things should be done and what is valuable. Our study is intended to fill an existing gap by providing expert technical information on how Town Cove works and what nitrogen has to do with it; we cannot provide the other information and are not able to make the Town's decision on whether to install sewers.
  • Working Paper
    EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) North Atlantic sensor calibration and intercalibration documents
    (NASA STI Program and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2023-10-11) Siegel, David A. ; Cetinić, Ivona ; Thompson, Andrew F. ; Nelson, Norman B. ; Sten, Michaela ; Omand, Melissa M. ; Traylor, Shawnee ; Nicholson, David P. ; D'Asaro, Eric A. ; Zhang, Xiaodong ; Erickson, Zachary K. ; Johnson, Leah ; Soto Ramos, Inia
    The following documents collect information regarding the calibration and intercalibration of various sensors that were deployed during the North Atlantic field component of the NASA EXPORTS project (EXPORTS NA), which took place between May 4 and June 1, 2021 (Johnson et al., 2023). The EXPORTS NA campaign was designed to to provide a contrasting end member to the earlier North Pacific field campaign, and focused on carbon export associated with the North Atlantic spring bloom in which gravitational sinking of organic particles, the physical advection and mixing, and active transport by vertically migrating zooplankton are all expected to provide significant flux pathways. During EXPORTS NA data sets were collected from a variety of shipbased, autonomously-piloted, and Lagrangian platforms. Intercalibration activities were tasked to different groups within the EXPORTS project team. Team leads and contact information are listed below. The overarching goal of these activities was to identify a trusted sensor, carry out a careful calibration of this sensor, then base any intercalibraiton needs off of this sensor, occasionally propagating information across platforms. Full details of the intercalibration approach, assumptions, and summary are provided in the attached documents. All calibration and intercalibration activities were completed before data set were uplaoded to the NASA SeaBASS data repository. Data related to this cruise can be publicly accessed at: https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/cruise/EXPORTSNA Updates to calibration and intercalibration documents required to reflect revised data sets will also be provided through SeaBASS. Questions concerning referencing these documents or accessing data sets should be directed to Inia Soto Ramos. NASA EXPORTS Science Lead: David Siegel, davesiegel@ucsb.edu NASA EXPORTS Project Scientist: Ivona Cetini´c, ivona.cetinic@nasa.gov NASA EXPORTS Data Manager: Inia Soto Ramos, inia.m.sotoramos@nasa.gov Calibration and intercalibration leads Temperature and salinity sensors: Andy Thompson, andrewt@caltech.edu Chlorophyll fluorescence sensors: Melissa Omand & Kaley Sten, momand@uri.edu Oxygen sensors: Shawnee Traylor & Roo Nicholson, shawnee@mit.edu Optical backscatter sensors: Xiaodong Zhang, Xiaodong.Zhang@usm.edu Lagrangian float sensors: Eric D’Asaro, dasaro@apl.washington.edu Underway sensors: Leah Johnson, leahjohn@uw.edu Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP)-Particle Size Distribution (PSD): David Siegel, davesiegel@ucsb.edu
  • Working Paper
    EXPORTS Measurements and Protocols for the NE Pacific Campaign
    (NASA STI Program and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2021-02) Behrenfeld, Michael J. ; Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R. ; Boss, Emmanuel S. ; Brzezinski, Mark A. ; Buck, Kristen N. ; Buesseler, Ken O. ; Burd, Adrian B. ; Carlson, Craig A. ; Cassar, Nicolas ; Cetinić, Ivona ; Close, Hilary G. ; Craig, Susanne E. ; D'Asaro, Eric A. ; Durkin, Colleen A. ; Estapa, Margaret L. ; Fassbender, Andrea ; Fox, James ; Freeman, Scott ; Gifford, Scott M. ; Gong, Weida ; Graff, Jason R. ; Gray, Deric ; Guidi, Lionel ; Halsey, Kim ; Hansell, Dennis A. ; Haëntjens, Nils ; Horner, Tristan J. ; Jenkins, Bethany D. ; Jones, Janice L. ; Karp-Boss, Lee ; Kramer, Sasha J. ; Lam, Phoebe J. ; Lee, Craig M. ; Lee, Jong-Mi ; Liu, Shuting ; Mannino, Antonio ; Maas, Amy E. ; Marchal, Olivier ; Marchetti, Adrian ; McDonnell, Andrew M. P. ; McNair, Heather ; Menden-Deuer, Susanne ; Morison, Francoise ; Nelson, Norman B. ; Nicholson, David P. ; Niebergall, Alexandria K. ; Omand, Melissa M. ; Passow, Uta ; Perry, Mary J. ; Popp, Brian N. ; Proctor, Chris ; Rafter, Patrick ; Roca-Martí, Montserrat ; Roesler, Collin S. ; Rubin, Edwina ; Rynearson, Tatiana A. ; Santoro, Alyson E. ; Siegel, David A. ; Sosik, Heidi M. ; Soto Ramos, Inia ; Stamieszkin, Karen ; Steinberg, Deborah K. ; Stephens, Brandon M. ; Thompson, Andrew F. ; Van Mooy, Benjamin A. S. ; Zhang, Xiaodong
    EXport Processes in the Ocean from Remote Sensing (EXPORTS) is a large-scale NASA-led and NSF co-funded field campaign that will provide critical information for quantifying the export and fate of upper ocean net primary production (NPP) using satellite information and state of the art technology.
  • Working Paper
    EXPORTS North Atlantic eddy tracking
    (NASA STI Program and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2022-10) Erickson, Zachary K. ; Fields, Erik ; Omand, Melissa M. ; Johnson, Leah ; Thompson, Andrew F. ; D'Asaro, Eric A. ; Carvalho, Filipa ; Dove, Lilian A. ; Lee, Craig M. ; Nicholson, David P. ; Shilling, Geoff ; Cetinić, Ivona ; Siegel, David A.
    The EXPORTS North Atlantic field campaign (EXPORTS-NA) of May 2021 used a diverse array of ship-based and autonomous platforms to measure and quantify processes leading to carbon export in the open ocean. The success of this field program relied heavily on the ability to make measurements following a Lagrangian trajectory within a coherent, retentive eddy (Sections 1, 2). Identifying an eddy that would remain coherent and retentive over the course of a monthlong deployment was a significant challenge that the EXPORTS team faced. This report details the processes and procedures used by the primarily shore-based eddy tracking team to locate, track, and sample with autonomous assets such an eddy before and during EXPORTS-NA.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report and post-cruise sample processing R/V Gulf Challenger “GC Mixo 23-01”
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2023-11-28) Alatalo, Philip ; Gast, Rebecca J. ; Tarrant, Ann M.
    A primary topic of interest in the field of biological oceanography is the role of planktonic productivity in the global carbon cycle. Over the past 20+ years, the traditional food web of algal production, zooplanktonic consumers and higher trophic level predators has been undergoing revision with a stronger understanding of the contributions made within the microbial loop. Of particular interest has been mixotrophy, the blurring of trophic mode assignments within the microbial eukaryotes. The overall goal of this cruise was to obtain a snapshot of the prevalence of mixotrophy within the Gulf of Maine and the potential contributions of mixotrophs to copepod diets. We proposed to accomplish this goal by sampling water and zooplankton from 3 stations.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report and post-cruise sample processing R/V Gulf Challenger “GC Mixo 23-02”
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2023-11-28) Alatalo, Philip ; Gast, Rebecca J. ; Tarrant, Ann M. ; Zuñiga, Rodrigo ; Berger, Cory A.
    A primary topic of interest in the field of biological oceanography is the role of planktonic productivity in the global carbon cycle. Over the past 20+ years, the traditional food web of algal production, zooplanktonic consumers and higher trophic level predators has been undergoing revision with a stronger understanding of the contributions made within the microbial loop. Of particular interest has been mixotrophy, the blurring of trophic mode assignments within the The overall goal of this cruise was to obtain a snapshot of the prevalence of mixotrophy within the Gulf of Maine and the potential contributions of mixotrophs to copepod diets. We proposed to accomplish this goal by sampling water and zooplankton from 3 stations.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report and post-cruise sample processing R/V Gulf Challenger “GC Mixo 23-03”
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2023-11-28) Alatalo, Philip ; Gast, Rebecca J. ; Tarrant, Ann M. ; Zuñiga, Rodrigo ; Johnson, Cameron
    A primary topic of interest in the field of biological oceanography is the role of planktonic productivity in the global carbon cycle. Over the past 20+ years, the traditional food web of algal production, zooplanktonic consumers and higher trophic level predators has been undergoing revision with a stronger understanding of the contributions made within the microbial loop. Of particular interest has been mixotrophy, the blurring of trophic mode assignments within the microbial eukaryotes. The overall goal of this cruise was to obtain a snapshot of the prevalence of mixotrophy within the Gulf of Maine and the potential contributions of mixotrophs to copepod diets. We proposed to accomplish this goal by sampling water and zooplankton from 3 stations.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report and post-cruise sample processing R/V Gulf Challenger “GC Mixo 23-04”
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2023-11-28) Alatalo, Philip ; Gast, Rebecca J. ; Tarrant, Ann M. ; Zuñiga, Rodrigo
    A primary topic of interest in the field of biological oceanography is the role of planktonic productivity in the global carbon cycle. Over the past 20+ years, the traditional food web of algal production, zooplanktonic consumers and higher trophic level predators has been undergoing revision with a stronger understanding of the contributions made within the microbial loop. Of particular interest has been mixotrophy, the blurring of trophic mode assignments within the microbial eukaryotes. The overall goal of this cruise was to obtain a snapshot of the prevalence of mixotrophy within the Gulf of Maine and the potential contributions of mixotrophs to copepod diets. This cruise was meant to supplement the previous cruise (2303) during which we were only able to sample one station (WB7). The specific goal for this cruise was to sample WB2.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 2 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1964-07) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise 2 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN took place in the western Indian Ocean from May 22 to July 23, 1964, The following report presents the station lists for plankton collections, bathythermograph positions, and reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data for Cruise 2. The cruise track is shown in Figure 1, and the itinerary with ports of call is given in Table 1. A summary of the types of scientific activities carried out during the cruise, and a list of the techniques employed are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. In addition to the basic hydrographic and biological programs and the researches of individual scientists, a special program of long-line fishing was carried out in a cooperative effort with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Details regarding the composition of the long-line catches and associated data are on file at the Biological Laboratory; Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. A narrative report of Cruise 2, including a list of participants and brief descriptions of their research interests and preliminary results, was issued as New Bulletin No. 3 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated January, 1964,
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 3 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-01) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise 3 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN, originating from Bombay on August 8 and terminating at Port Louis, Mauritius on September 20, 1963, was the first of two cruises on which a special effort was made to sample the meso- and bathypelagic fauna of the western Indian Ocean. Collections were made with a 10-ft Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl at 17 stations from 11°56'N latitude to 40°54'S latitude, along the 60°E meridian. In addition to the midwater trawl collections, the basic program of hydrography, biological oceanography, and primary production was continued. Presented in this report are the reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data, station lists of plankton, midwater trawl, and miscellaneous biological collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruise 3. A narrative report of Cruise 3 was issued as News Bulletin No.4 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated February, 1964.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 5 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-03) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise 5 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN originated from Bombay on January 26 and terminated at Bombay on May 4, 1963. In addition to the basic hydrographic and biological programs continued from previous cruises, a special program of longline fishing was conducted in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This was the second of two cruises designed to study the distribution and abundance of pelagic fishes in the western Indian Ocean. Cruise 2, on which the first of the two special longlining programs was carried out, extended from May to July 1963, during the period of the southwest monsoon. Cruise 5, on the other hand, took place during the period of the northeast monsoon. In this report are presented the Cruise 5 station lists, bathythermograph positions, and reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data. A summary of the longline catch by stations is included, but more details (morphometric data, stomach contents, etc.) on individual specimens are on file at the Biological Laboratory; Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Honolulu, Hawaii. A narrative report of Cruise 5, including brief descriptions of the special researches of participating scientists, was issued as News Bulletin No.7 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated October,1964
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 6 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-07) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise 6 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN, originating from Bombay on May 15 and terminating at Durban, South Africa on July 16, 1964, was the second of two cruises on which a special effort was made to sample the meso- and bathypelagic fauna of the western Indian Ocean. Collections were made with a 10-ft Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl at 61 stations from about 18° N latitude to 41° S latitude, along the 65° E meridian. In addition to the midwater trawl collections, the basic program of hydrography, biological oceanography, and primary production was continued. Presented in this report are the reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data, station lists of plankton, midwater trawl, and miscellaneous biological collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruise 6. A narrative report of Cruise 6 was issued as News Bulletin No.8 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated December, 1964.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruises 4A and 4B : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-01) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise IV of the ANTON BRUUN was planned as a three-month multi-disciplinary exploration of the Arabian Sea during the fall of 1963. The interests of applicants for the cruise ranged from chemistry and microbiology to the taxonomy, distribution, and biochemistry of the large invertebrates and fishes. In addition, Cruise IV was scheduled as one of the cooperative cruises with the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, whose personnel had planned an intensive bottom-trawling program to determine the distribution and abundance of commercially valuable species of benthic fishes and invertebrates on the continental shelf around the periphery of the Arabian Sea. Because of the broad scope of the program, the large number of qualified applicants who wished to take part, and the fact that some of the planned activities were mutually exclusive in terms of geographical area, shipboard space, etc., it was decided to split Cruise 4 into two sections, both to work in the Arabian Sea but each with different objectives, scientific programs, and personnel. Cruise IV-A included the basic program of hydrography, chemistry, and plankton biology, with extra sampling time provided for additional work in chemistry and microbiology. The basic program included 40 hydrographic casts, usually to the bottom, for determination of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, silicate, primary productivity, and chlorophyll. Three types of plankton samples were taken: (1) vertical tows from 200 meters with an Indian Ocean Standard Net, (2) vertical tows from 200 meters with a micro-plankton net, and (3) an oblique series from depth intervals of 2000-1000, 1000-500, 500-250, 250-125, and 125-0 meters with the Bé multiple plankton sampler. Special studies on Cruise 4A included sampling for dissolved and particulate organic carbon, dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen, particulate phosphorus, and particulate iron, dissolved molybdinum, culture and isolation of nitrifying bacteria, uptake of N15-tagged atmospheric nitrogen, nitrate, and ammonia, enrichment cultures of phytoplankton to study limiting factors to their growth, and sampling for larval and adult scombroid fishes. Cruise IV-A consisted for the most part of sections from the central part of the Arabian Sea into and normal to the coast. Because of time limitations, the work was concentrated in the Western Arabian Sea. Cruise IV-B consisted almost exclusively of shallow-water bottom trawling with a Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl on the continental shelf from Bombay to Aden. In addition, some dredging, set-lining, handlining, and dip-netting were carried out. Basic hydrographic stations were not made on Cruise IV-B but surface and bottom measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and phosphate were made routinely at each trawling station. Reference is made to U. S. Program in Biology, I.I.O.E., News Bulletins 5 and 6 (Narrative reports of Cruises IV-A and IV-B) for a more detailed description of the work accomplished on these two cruises.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruises 7, 8, 9
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-10) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Presented in this report are the reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data, station lists of plankton and benthic collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruises 7 and 8 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN; and the station lists of reef and inshore, plankton, benthic, and miscellaneous biological collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruise 9. Narrative reports of Cruises 7 and 8 were issued as News Bulletins No. 9 (Jan. 1965) and No. 10 (Feb. 1965), respectively, by the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE. Cruises 7 and 8 were devoted primarily to benthic biology. On Cruise 7, which concentrated on the area east of South Africa and south of Madagascar (Fig.1), collections of the bottom fauna were made with a variety of gear including Campbell and Van Veen grabs, Phleger and trigger corers, Menzies and Agassiz trawls, rock dredges, and Dietz-Lafond snappers. On Cruise 8 collections were made in the Mozambique Channel and adjacent continental shelves (Fig. 2) mainly with a 40 ft. Gulf of Mexico type shrimp trawl, Menzies trawl, and Ockelman dredge. Cruise 9 emphasized reef and shore collecting in some of the more remote island areas in the southwestern Indian Ocean (Fig. 3). Specimens were obtained by SCUBA and free diving, rotenone poisoning, and collecting in the exposed intertidal zones of the reef and shore areas of Mombasa, Kenya (Fig. 4); Latham Island south of Zanzibar; Grand Comore and Mayotta Islands (Figs. 5 and 6); Aldabra and Farquhar Islands (Figs. 7 and 8); St. Joseph's and D'Arros Islands in the Amirante Isles (Fig. 9); and Mahe and Cerf Islands in the Seychelles (Fig.10) . Although general collections were made at all these areas, certain groups received special attention because of specific interests among the scientific party. These included macroscopic algae, seagrasses, mollusks, commensal and parasitic copepods, parasitic helminths, nemerteans, ostracods, lancelets, pontoniid shrimps, fishes and Ascothoracida, a parasitic group of barnacles found in the certain cavities of zoantharians and echinoderms. At most of the island stations, longline gear and a 200 ft. shark gill net were fished. Bottom trawling with a Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl was impractical because of the many pinnacles and dome-shaped formations around the various islands. Towards the end of Cruise 9, a series of trawl hauls was made on the narrow continental shelf along the Somali coast. Most of the Cruise 9 scientific party left the ship at Aden on December 20. The remaining members made a series of plankton collections in the Red Sea, and disembarked at Rurghada, U.A.R. to make shore collections
  • Working Paper
    Frequently asked questions about ocean acidification
    (U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program and the UK Ocean Acidification Research Programme., 2012-09-15) Cooley, Sarah R. ; Mathis, Jeremy T. ; Yates, Kimberly K. ; Turley, Carol
    Over the past five years, no other issue has received more attention in the marine science community than ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is a multi-disciplinary research area that encompasses topics such as chemistry, paleontology, biology, ecology, biogeochemistry, modeling, social sciences and economics. With this complexity and the continued development of our understanding in mind, the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB; www.us-ocb.org) program, with support from the UK Ocean Acidification Research Programme (UKOA; http://www.oceanacidification.org.uk/), has updated and expanded a list of frequently asked questions (FAQs) that were developed in 2010 by OCB, the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), and UKOA. Equipped with the most up-to-date information, the global ocean acidification research community has drafted concise, understandable summaries of the current knowledge. The responses were carefully vetted during an open peer-review and revision process to ensure readability without any loss of scientific accuracy. This effort was international in scale, with 63 scientists from 47 institutions and 12 countries contributing to the process.