WHOI Unnumbered Reports

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  • Working Paper
    Wind Waves at Sea
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1950-06) Vine, Allyn C. ; Volkmann, Gordon H.
  • Working Paper
    A preliminary review of the the amberjacks, genus Seriola, of the western Atlantic
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1958) Mather, Frank J.
    From the introduction: The genus Seriola belongs to the large and widespread group of carangid fishes which also includes the jacks (genus Caranx) and the pompanos (genus Trachinotus) .as well as other genera. Several species of amberjacks have been recorded in the western Atlantic, and scientific workers still disagree over their nomenclature. I believe that it is fairly easy to separate the various species, once they have acquired their adult characteristics. There are difficulties, however, in determining the correct scientific names for the respective species. A major one arises from the inadequte original descriptions of several of the species and the apparent lack of type specimens for some of them. Moreover, few American workers have been able to examine the types or an adequate amount of material from the respective type localities. Furthermore the important changes in color pattern, in body and fin proportions, and even in counts, which the respective species undergo with growth, tend to make the study of the genus especially difficult. Therefore, for each species it is necessary to examine a series of specimens covering its complete size range. In comparing species, individuals of approximately the same size should be selected, and in dealing with early descriptions it is important to take into consideration the size of the specimens on which they were based.
  • Recording, acoustical
    Whale and porpoise voices : a phonograph record
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1962) Schevill, William E. ; Watkins, William A.
    The vocal sounds of cetaceans are a little known and even less understood feature of the complex adaptation of these animals, whose ancestors lived on the dry land, to an entirely aquatic existence. Even in the clearest surface waters, sight is limited to about a hundred feet or less in daytime, and visibility ranges are mostly negligibly short for fast-swimming animals, so that they are effectively partly or wholly blinded. Therefore sound and hearing have an especially important place in their lives. Sound is used not only in direct communication, but also to a large degree in navigation and hunting (echo-location). The excerpts presented here are samples of such sounds made by eighteen species, all obtained by eavesdropping in the open sea (except for the Inia selection, which was made in captivity). These recordings have not been speeded up or slowed down, and so are true in natural frequency and time; there has been no editing or filtering except as noted.
  • Working Paper
    Report no. 1 : Anton Bruun cruise A : Aden-Bombay, February-March, 1963
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1963) Ryther, John H. ; Menzel, D. W.
    En route from the U. S. to Bombay, India during February - March, 1963 an unscheduled oceanographic section of 13 stations was made in the Arabian Sea between Aden and Bombay. Standard hydrographic casts were made to 1400 meters indicated depth (1000 meters at Stations 1-3) for meas9rement of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate and silicate. A large, plastic sampler was used to obtain water samples from depths corresponding to 100, 50, 25, 10 and 1% of the sunlight incident to the surface. These samples were used for measurement of primary productivity (C-14 method), phytoplankton pigments, particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • Other
    News bulletin : narrative report: Anton Bruun cruise
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1963-1965) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    News bulletin for participants
  • Working Paper
    U.S. program in biology, International Indian Ocean Expedition final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 1
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1964-07) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    The following report, in two volumes, presents the reduced oceanographic, chemical,and biological data, bathythermograph positions, and station lists for biological collections taken during Cruise 1 of the ANTON BRUUN in the Bay of Bengal during March-May, 1963, as a part of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. The cruise track is shown in Figure 1. Tables 1-3 respectively give the cruise itinerary with port calls, a summary of the types of scientific activities carried out during the cruise, and a list of the techniques employed with references. A narrative report of Cruise 1 including the list of participants, related shore activities, and preliminary scientific results was issued as News Bulletin No. 2 of the U.S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated July, 1963.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 2 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1964-07) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise 2 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN took place in the western Indian Ocean from May 22 to July 23, 1964, The following report presents the station lists for plankton collections, bathythermograph positions, and reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data for Cruise 2. The cruise track is shown in Figure 1, and the itinerary with ports of call is given in Table 1. A summary of the types of scientific activities carried out during the cruise, and a list of the techniques employed are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. In addition to the basic hydrographic and biological programs and the researches of individual scientists, a special program of long-line fishing was carried out in a cooperative effort with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Details regarding the composition of the long-line catches and associated data are on file at the Biological Laboratory; Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. A narrative report of Cruise 2, including a list of participants and brief descriptions of their research interests and preliminary results, was issued as New Bulletin No. 3 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated January, 1964,
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruises 4A and 4B : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-01) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise IV of the ANTON BRUUN was planned as a three-month multi-disciplinary exploration of the Arabian Sea during the fall of 1963. The interests of applicants for the cruise ranged from chemistry and microbiology to the taxonomy, distribution, and biochemistry of the large invertebrates and fishes. In addition, Cruise IV was scheduled as one of the cooperative cruises with the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, whose personnel had planned an intensive bottom-trawling program to determine the distribution and abundance of commercially valuable species of benthic fishes and invertebrates on the continental shelf around the periphery of the Arabian Sea. Because of the broad scope of the program, the large number of qualified applicants who wished to take part, and the fact that some of the planned activities were mutually exclusive in terms of geographical area, shipboard space, etc., it was decided to split Cruise 4 into two sections, both to work in the Arabian Sea but each with different objectives, scientific programs, and personnel. Cruise IV-A included the basic program of hydrography, chemistry, and plankton biology, with extra sampling time provided for additional work in chemistry and microbiology. The basic program included 40 hydrographic casts, usually to the bottom, for determination of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, silicate, primary productivity, and chlorophyll. Three types of plankton samples were taken: (1) vertical tows from 200 meters with an Indian Ocean Standard Net, (2) vertical tows from 200 meters with a micro-plankton net, and (3) an oblique series from depth intervals of 2000-1000, 1000-500, 500-250, 250-125, and 125-0 meters with the Bé multiple plankton sampler. Special studies on Cruise 4A included sampling for dissolved and particulate organic carbon, dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen, particulate phosphorus, and particulate iron, dissolved molybdinum, culture and isolation of nitrifying bacteria, uptake of N15-tagged atmospheric nitrogen, nitrate, and ammonia, enrichment cultures of phytoplankton to study limiting factors to their growth, and sampling for larval and adult scombroid fishes. Cruise IV-A consisted for the most part of sections from the central part of the Arabian Sea into and normal to the coast. Because of time limitations, the work was concentrated in the Western Arabian Sea. Cruise IV-B consisted almost exclusively of shallow-water bottom trawling with a Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl on the continental shelf from Bombay to Aden. In addition, some dredging, set-lining, handlining, and dip-netting were carried out. Basic hydrographic stations were not made on Cruise IV-B but surface and bottom measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and phosphate were made routinely at each trawling station. Reference is made to U. S. Program in Biology, I.I.O.E., News Bulletins 5 and 6 (Narrative reports of Cruises IV-A and IV-B) for a more detailed description of the work accomplished on these two cruises.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 3 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-01) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise 3 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN, originating from Bombay on August 8 and terminating at Port Louis, Mauritius on September 20, 1963, was the first of two cruises on which a special effort was made to sample the meso- and bathypelagic fauna of the western Indian Ocean. Collections were made with a 10-ft Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl at 17 stations from 11°56'N latitude to 40°54'S latitude, along the 60°E meridian. In addition to the midwater trawl collections, the basic program of hydrography, biological oceanography, and primary production was continued. Presented in this report are the reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data, station lists of plankton, midwater trawl, and miscellaneous biological collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruise 3. A narrative report of Cruise 3 was issued as News Bulletin No.4 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated February, 1964.
  • Presentation
    The International Indian Ocean Expedition
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-01-27) Fye, Paul M.
    Tonight, I want to tell you about another great oceanographic expedition; one which has been done in the tradition of the past great expeditions, but with all the tools available to modern oceanography. This is the International Indian Ocean Expedition, which constitutes the cooperative efforts of some 27 nations which have committed over 40 oceanographic research vessels to more than 70 cruises in the Indian Ocean over the past four years. It has been supported in this country by the National Science Foundation, the Navy, the Weather Bureau, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Officially, the International Indian Ocean Expedition is being completed during the current year but it will be many years before all the data have been thoroughly analyzed and evaluated.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 5 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-03) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise 5 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN originated from Bombay on January 26 and terminated at Bombay on May 4, 1963. In addition to the basic hydrographic and biological programs continued from previous cruises, a special program of longline fishing was conducted in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This was the second of two cruises designed to study the distribution and abundance of pelagic fishes in the western Indian Ocean. Cruise 2, on which the first of the two special longlining programs was carried out, extended from May to July 1963, during the period of the southwest monsoon. Cruise 5, on the other hand, took place during the period of the northeast monsoon. In this report are presented the Cruise 5 station lists, bathythermograph positions, and reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data. A summary of the longline catch by stations is included, but more details (morphometric data, stomach contents, etc.) on individual specimens are on file at the Biological Laboratory; Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Honolulu, Hawaii. A narrative report of Cruise 5, including brief descriptions of the special researches of participating scientists, was issued as News Bulletin No.7 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated October,1964
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruise 6 : oceanographic data, bathythermograph positions, station lists for biological collections
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-07) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Cruise 6 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN, originating from Bombay on May 15 and terminating at Durban, South Africa on July 16, 1964, was the second of two cruises on which a special effort was made to sample the meso- and bathypelagic fauna of the western Indian Ocean. Collections were made with a 10-ft Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl at 61 stations from about 18° N latitude to 41° S latitude, along the 65° E meridian. In addition to the midwater trawl collections, the basic program of hydrography, biological oceanography, and primary production was continued. Presented in this report are the reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data, station lists of plankton, midwater trawl, and miscellaneous biological collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruise 6. A narrative report of Cruise 6 was issued as News Bulletin No.8 of the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE, dated December, 1964.
  • Working Paper
    Final cruise report, Anton Bruun cruises 7, 8, 9
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-10) International Indian Ocean Expedition
    Presented in this report are the reduced oceanographic, chemical, and biological data, station lists of plankton and benthic collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruises 7 and 8 of the R/V ANTON BRUUN; and the station lists of reef and inshore, plankton, benthic, and miscellaneous biological collections, and bathythermograph positions for Cruise 9. Narrative reports of Cruises 7 and 8 were issued as News Bulletins No. 9 (Jan. 1965) and No. 10 (Feb. 1965), respectively, by the U. S. Program in Biology, IIOE. Cruises 7 and 8 were devoted primarily to benthic biology. On Cruise 7, which concentrated on the area east of South Africa and south of Madagascar (Fig.1), collections of the bottom fauna were made with a variety of gear including Campbell and Van Veen grabs, Phleger and trigger corers, Menzies and Agassiz trawls, rock dredges, and Dietz-Lafond snappers. On Cruise 8 collections were made in the Mozambique Channel and adjacent continental shelves (Fig. 2) mainly with a 40 ft. Gulf of Mexico type shrimp trawl, Menzies trawl, and Ockelman dredge. Cruise 9 emphasized reef and shore collecting in some of the more remote island areas in the southwestern Indian Ocean (Fig. 3). Specimens were obtained by SCUBA and free diving, rotenone poisoning, and collecting in the exposed intertidal zones of the reef and shore areas of Mombasa, Kenya (Fig. 4); Latham Island south of Zanzibar; Grand Comore and Mayotta Islands (Figs. 5 and 6); Aldabra and Farquhar Islands (Figs. 7 and 8); St. Joseph's and D'Arros Islands in the Amirante Isles (Fig. 9); and Mahe and Cerf Islands in the Seychelles (Fig.10) . Although general collections were made at all these areas, certain groups received special attention because of specific interests among the scientific party. These included macroscopic algae, seagrasses, mollusks, commensal and parasitic copepods, parasitic helminths, nemerteans, ostracods, lancelets, pontoniid shrimps, fishes and Ascothoracida, a parasitic group of barnacles found in the certain cavities of zoantharians and echinoderms. At most of the island stations, longline gear and a 200 ft. shark gill net were fished. Bottom trawling with a Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl was impractical because of the many pinnacles and dome-shaped formations around the various islands. Towards the end of Cruise 9, a series of trawl hauls was made on the narrow continental shelf along the Somali coast. Most of the Cruise 9 scientific party left the ship at Aden on December 20. The remaining members made a series of plankton collections in the Red Sea, and disembarked at Rurghada, U.A.R. to make shore collections
  • Working Paper
    Summary of workshop conference on "research use of deep manned vehicles"
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1966-12-16) Vine, Allyn C.
    Over a hundred operators, users, and sponsors of deep submersibles convened at Woods Hole, Mass. on 21-22 November, 1966 for a two-day workshop on problems of common concern. Since several submersible groups have been working separately and on distinct problems with considerable success for the past year, there was a desire to share experiences, to discuss common problems and to consider next desirable steps. The scope of the meeting was broadened by the participation of key individuals with national administrative responsibilities, members of the French bathyscaphe team and several newcomers to the field, including representatives from Canada and England. Scientists from seven major laboratories reported on underwater work in geology, fisheries, search, recovery, turbulence, and acoustics.
  • Working Paper
    A review of oyster culture and the oyster industry in North America
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1970) Matthiessen, George C.
    Among the various marine species presently considered appropriate for intensive and controlled culture, the oyster is perhaps most prominent. Ryther and Bardach (1968) have described certain biological criteria that should be satisfied in order for a species to be adaptable to culture: responsiveness to efforts to effect reproduction under captive conditions; tolerance of eggs and larvae to the culture environment; nutritional requirements that may be easily satisfied in this environment; and a relatively rapid rate of growth from egg to maturity. To a large extent the oyster satisfies these criteria, and it possesses other favorable qualities as well. The oyster is sedentary rather than fugitive; its lack of mobility subsequent to the planktonic larval period obviously eliminates certain problems in management associated with fugitive species. Since it is herbivorous, the oyster's nutritional requirements are more readily satisfied, and at greater efficiency, than are those of a carnivore. The oyster is highly fecund, a single female being capable of producing many millions of eggs at a single spawning. Finally, and of considerable importance with respect to economic considerations of aquaculture, oyster culture protentially is highly profitable and is a traditional industry in the majority of coastal states. Therefore, certain marketing and institutional constraints that might apply to the commercial culture of other species are, in the case of the oyster, avoided. The oyster's popularity for cultural purposes is further enhanced by the fact that oyster production during this century has undergone a severe decline, to the extent that the survival of the industry has been seriously questioned (Wallace, 1960). As a result of regional scarcity, e.g., the New England States, the oyster has become a luxury, rather than staple, food item in some areas, with a corresponding high market value. The purpose of this report is to review the current status of oyster culture and the oyster industry in various geographical areas of North America. Although the initial purpose of this study was to describe recent techniques employed in culture, it quickly became apparent that the various approaches to, and methods of, culture reflected the socio-economic conditions of the industry in the area concerned. For this reason, this report will attempt to describe the various reasons as to why certain methods of culture have, or have not, been adopted, which, in addition to advances in technology, would include a broad· spectrum of nontechnical factors and constraints. The subject of aquaculture is becoming of increasing interest, in this country and elsewhere. Despite its current glamour, however, the development of this industry will be impeded, and in certain areas prevented, by factors not necessarily technical in nature. Such factors will be discussed in this report. It is hoped that certain of the information contained here may therefore be of interest to those not necessarily engaged in oyster culture or in the oyster industry but rather in any form of coastal water use, since certain of the problems described arc not restricted to the former group alone. The information contained in this report was obtained by means of personal interview with members of the industry and with scientists involved in oyster research, and by a review of pertinent literature. In view of the large number of oyster culture and research operations and investigations being undertaken in North America, only representative groups and agencies could be contacted during the period allocated for this study. The interest and cooperation of those who provided this information are acknowledged in an appendix to this report.
  • Working Paper
    Signals, Underwater Sound (SUS), Description, Operation and Handling Instructions, NAVAIR 11-1-107
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1971-09-15) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /
    This collection includes scientific instruments and equipment and instrument manuals, catalogs, and other material that are being maintained in conjunction with the collection of oceanographic instruments and equipment presently stored in the Falmouth Technology Park offsite storage facility. Also included in the collection are a video and photographs of a traveling exhibit by the U.S. Navy on historical oceanographic instruments, The Briny Deep Discovered, that included a number of instruments loaned to the Navy by WHOI. The exhibit made its final stop at WHOI to coincide with the Institution's 75th Anniversary, and was located in the lobby of the Clark building. This collection includes scientific equipment and instrument manuals, catalogs, reports, designs, drawings and other material. List of Series: Subject Files Equipment Manuals U.S. Navy Historical Instrument Exhibit WHOI Historical Instrument collection Instrument Development Photographs Oversized Design Drawings
  • Working Paper
    Beach dynamics at Sippewissett Marsh
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1972) Paris, C. Gregory
    This is a preliminary report of a study of beach dynamics at Black Beach, outlying Sippewisset Marsh, near North (West) Falmouth, Massachusetts. This study was initiated in September, 1971, and the analysis of data presented here was completed by August, 1972: most of the work was done in my spare time. This project is not yet completed, but the results to date may be discussed independently. The remainder of the data will be analyzed, as time permits, after the completion of my pre-thesis exams. When the project is completed, I shall prepare a final report.
  • Working Paper
    An oceanographic study of the eastern Mediterranean : a joint Egyptian-U.S.A. research program, sediment sampling operations, Chain cruise 119, leg 2, cruise report
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1975) Summerhayes, Colin P.
    The sampling program was arranged so that periods of close spaced, intensive sampling on the continental shelf were interspersed with periods of widely-space piston coring in the deep sea, to ensure the proper rest for both scientists and ships' crew. In addition, in order to familiarise both the Egyptian scientists and guest investigators with all of the shipboard operation (for example echo-sounding, data logging, piston coring, dredging, grab and underway sampling, water sampling, an so on), individuals were assigned to different operations under the guidance of Al Driscoll or Bob McGirr or Ed Boyle, on a roatational basis throughout the cruise.
  • Working Paper
  • Working Paper
    Oceanographic study of warm core Gulf Stream rings and the Northwest Atlantic Slope Water region : a prospectus for multidisciplinary research, report and proceedings / Interdisciplinary Workshop on Gulf Stream Anticyclonic Eddies (Warm Core Rings) held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, May 16-20, 1977
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1977-05)
    It is well recognized in the oceanography of the Western North Atlantic that a distinct hydrographic regime exists between the continental shelf and the Gulf Stream, once the latter has effectively separated from the coast at Cape Hatteras. Denoted as the Slope Water, this hydrographic regime has been considered as one of confusing complexity, presumably arising from irregular mixing processes between it and the neighboring shelf and Gulf Stream regimes. Although previously noted in the literature, it has recently become very strongly evident as a result of the satellite image coverage of this region that a dominant role in this variability can be ascribed to well organized and persistent circulation features. These have been given the name warm core Gulf Stream rings, in order to emphasize their complementary dynamic origin relative to the more generally known cold core rings in the Sargasso Sea. A scientific workshop was held in Woods Hole under the auspices of the NSF/ IDOE to review in detail the status of our knowledge about the biology, chemistry and physics of the shelf-Slope Water regime and the associated rings, and the general biological, chemical and physical processes likely to be taking place in rings. Also considered were the prospect for advancing this knowledge through a multidisciplinary study of the warm core rings and the region impacted by them. Out of extensive background review in papers presented in plenary sessions, and program discussions in working groups, there arose a consensus that such a multidisciplinary effort would be both feasible and timely.