Photophysics and photochemistry of natural waters with emphasis on radical probe development and application
Photophysics and photochemistry of natural waters with emphasis on radical probe development and application
Date
1994-08
Authors
Herbelin, Sarah E.
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Location
Orinoco River
Suwanee River
Suwanee River
DOI
10.1575/1912/5560
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Keywords
Photochemistry
Carbon cycle
Argo Maine (Ship) Cruise
Weatherbird II (Ship) Cruise
Carbon cycle
Argo Maine (Ship) Cruise
Weatherbird II (Ship) Cruise
Abstract
The work presented here consists of a literature review and calculations to estimate
the importance of photochemistry to carbon cycling in the oceans, followed by a
photophysical study of a series of stable nitroxide radical probes that have been used for the
quantitative detection of individual carbon-centered radicals and reducing species in natural
waters. Two appendices follow. The first contains preliminary experiments utilizing one
of the nitroxide probes in an investigation of hydroxyl radical production rates and steadystate
concentrations in seawater. The second consists of an investigation of the singlet
lifetimes of humic acids (HA), in order to aid in understanding their photochemical cycling
and nt1uence on other compounds.
The impact of photochemical reactions on global oceanic carbon cycling was
calculated from literature values. The results indicate that between 1 and 13% of all
dissolved organic carbon in the oceans is oxidized photochemically. This is a significant
flux term, much larger than that of riverine input for example.
A photophysical study of nitroxide radical probes was undertaken. For all of the
compounds studied, steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra were identical to
those of the parent fluorophores. A decrease in fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield of
tens- to hundreds-fold was observed for the paramagnetic compounds relative to their
diamagnetic counterparts. Very rapid fluorescence quenching rates (3 to 80 x 1010 s-1)
were calculated for the fluorescamine moiety of the paramagnetic nitroxide compounds in a
variety of solvents. Calculated energy minimized geometries were very similar for all
compounds which implies that geometric differences are not responsible for the variations
found m fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields between compounds. Calculated
Forster and Dexter overlap integrals do not support deexcitation by these mechanisms.
Time-resolved absorption measurements resulted in no evidence for transient species due to
either intersystem crossing to the triplet state or charge transfer. Of the mechanisms
considered, direct internal conversion to the ground state, is most likely given our results.
An investigation of the utility of 3-(aminomethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-
pyrrolidinyloxy free radical (3-amp) for detection and quantification of hydroxyl radicals in
natural waters found that the addition of primary probe compounds resulted in the
generation of secondary carbon-centered radicals that were successfully trapped by 3-amp.
Competition kinetics experiments with dimethyl sulfoxide resulted in a natural scavenger
rate constant that matched previous literature results for coastal seawater. As expected, the
addition of formate resulted in decreases, and the addition of nitrite in increases, in the
hydroxyl radical trapping rate by this method. The resulting quantum yield values were
about an order of magnitude higher than previous literature results. However, probably due to the use of different latitudes at which to estimate the incident solar radiation at the sea
surface, hydroxyl radical production rate and steady-state concentrations calculated were
about an order of magnitude lower than literature results.
One experiment showed no increase in the hydroxyl radical production rate from
Milli-Q water to oligotrophic and coastal seawater although the sample absorption
coefficients increase by a factor of more than 20. However a single experiment comparing
three different coastal seawater samples did show a correlation between absorption and
hydroxyl radical production rate. More detailed work is needed to recognize the full
potential of this method.
Marine HA fluorescence lifetime measurements utilizing time-resolved single
photon counting revealed a large portion of chromophores with very short (20-60 ps)
lifetimes and low quantum yields. At least three distinct lifetimes could be distinguished by
iterative deconvolution, although they probably result from the grouping of a multitude of
individual chromophores. The theory of calculating the quantum yields of individual
chromophores measured in a mixture is developed and calculations are made, although
from an incomplete data set. Shorter fluorescent lifetimes for a given chromophore center
within HA result in smaller quantum yields and are thought to be caused by very rapid
competing intramolecular dark pathways such as energy or electron transfer
Preliminary work investigating changes in time-resolved fluorescent lifetimes due to
different sources of HA (Orinoco vs. Suwanee Rivers) and solution types (seawater vs.
standard buffer) showed little variability.
Description
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August 1994
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Citation
Herbelin, S. E. (1994). Photophysics and photochemistry of natural waters with emphasis on radical probe development and application [Doctoral thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]. Woods Hole Open Access Server. https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/5560