Millard Robert C.

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Millard

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Robert C.

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Hydrographic observations from the US/PRC Cooperative Program in the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean, cruises 5-8

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1991-07) Lake, B. J. ; Yang, K. ; Luizhi, Z. ; Millard, Robert C. ; Pu, S. ; Toole, John M. ; Wang, Z. ; Mangum, Linda J.

In support of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, investigators from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), and the State Oceanic Administration (SOA) from both Qingdao (First Institute) and Guangzhou (South China Sea Branch) conducted hydrographic observations aboard the Chinese R/V Xiang Yang Hong 14 in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean. The objective of this component of the TOGA program was to document the water mass property distributions of the western equatorial Pacific and describe the oceanic velocity field. The four cruises summarized here were conducted during the period November 1988 to July 1990 and are the final half of an eight cruise repeated survey of the region begun in 1985. Conductivity-Temperature-Depth-Oxygen (CTD/O2) stations were collected to a minimum cast depth of 2500m or the bottom when shallower. The cruises reoccupied the same stations to provide temporal information. Summarized listings of CTD/02 data together with selected physical properties of sea water for these cruises are provided here, as well as a description of the hardware used and an explanation of the data reduction techniques employed.
CTD observations in the western Mediterranean Sea during cruise 118, leg 2 of R/V Chain, February, 1975

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1978-03) Bryden, Harry L. ; Millard, Robert C. ; Porter, David L.

Eighty-two CTD stations were taken in the Mediterranean Sea during February, 1975 . These stations were concentrated in the Alboran Sea near Gibraltar to investigate whether water typical of the deep western Mediterranean was flowing directly up and over the sill at Gibraltar. Temperature, salinity, and potential temperature at standard pressures are presented for each of the stations.
Observations of the Antarctic polar front during FDRAKE 76 : a cruise report

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1976-11) Joyce, Terrence M. ; Dean, Jerome P. ; McCartney, Michael S. ; Millard, Robert C. ; Moller, Donald A. ; Voorhis, A. ; Dahm, C. ; Georgi, Daniel T. ; Kullenberg, G. ; Toole, John M. ; Zenk, Walter

During March/April 1976 the small-scale structure of the Antarctic Polar Front was observed in the Drake Passage. The observations were part of the International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS) program called FDRAke 76. The purpose of the program was to obtain densely sampled measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and chemical nutrients in the Polar Front Zone (PFZ) and pilot measurements of horizontal and vertical velocities in order to explain the above scalar variability. The PFZ is a region where Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters intermingle and presumably mix to affect the properties of Antarctic Intermediate Water. A report on the third leg of Cruise 107 of the R. V. THOMPSON is presented as well as a description of the measurements and a preliminary report of the data. A feature of interest is the pinching off of a northward meander of the circumpolar current system into a cyclonic ring of Antarctic Waters.
A double-diffusive interface tank for dynamic-response studies

(Sears Foundation for Marine Research, 2005-01) Schmitt, Raymond W. ; Millard, Robert C. ; Toole, John M. ; Wellwood, W. David

A large tank capable of long-term maintenance of a sharp temperature-salinity interface has been developed and applied to measurements of the dynamical response of oceanographic sensors. A two-layer salt-stratified system is heated from below and cooled from above to provide two convectively mixed layers with a thin double-diffusive interface separating them. A temperature jump exceeding 10°C can be maintained over 1–2 cm (a vertical temperature gradient of order 103°C/m) for several weeks. A variable speed-lowering system allows testing of the dynamic response of conductivity and temperature sensors in full-size oceanographic instruments. An acoustic echo sounder and shadowgraph system provide nondisruptive monitoring of the interface and layer microstructure. Tests of several sensor systems show how data from the facility is used to determine sensor response times using several fitting techniques and the speed dependence of thermometer time constants is illustrated. The linearity of the conductivity–temperature relationship across the interface is proposed as a figure of merit for design of lag-correction filters to accurately match temperature and conductivity sensors for the computation of salinity. The effects of finite interface thickness, slow sensor sampling rates and the thermal mass of the conductivity cell are treated. Sensor response characterization is especially important for autonomous instruments where data processing and compression must be performed in-situ, but is also helpful in the development of new sensors and in assuring accurate salinity records from traditional wire-lowered and towed systems.
CTD calibration and processing methods used at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1993-10) Millard, Robert C. ; Yang, Keqi

Processing methods, programs, and procedures currently used to create CTD data sets at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) are described. The post-acquisition data processing steps include instrument calibrations in the laboratory and data calibration at sea, CTD data transformation from a time series to a pressure series, and the water sample data processing using the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) format guidelines. Processing software has been developed for both the Micro VAX and IBM compatible personal computers. The description of the data processing procedures is restricted to the PC system. The programs are written primarly in FORTRAN with some format-related changes required between computer systems.
A digital tape format for Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution CTD data

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1989-05) Millard, Robert C. ; Blumer, A. ; Galbraith, Nancy R.

A new digital data tape format has been developed to be used for data from the WHOI/Brown CTD microprofiler. CTD-78 Version 1 as detailed in this report is designed as a flexible and expandable internal data format adapted to the Hewlett-Packard 2100/21MX series 16-bit mini-computers currently used to transcribe and process CTD data at sea. The ten record types presently used in this multifile tape format store CTD and associated water sample data and the labeling information needed to convert the data to physical units. Record types are identified by unique keywords .
W.H.O.I./Brown CTD microprofiler : methods of calibration and data handling

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1974-12) Fofonoff, Nicholas P. ; Hayes, S. P. ; Millard, Robert C.

This report describes calibration techniques developed over the past three years for the WHOI/Brown CTD in the Moored Array Program. Comparison is made with classical methods of hydrography for stations obtained in the MODE-1 density program. Methods for temperature lag correction and conversion of conductivity to salinity are given.
US/PRC CTD intercalibration report 1986-1990

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1990-12) Millard, Robert C. ; Lake, B. J. ; Brown, Neil L. ; Toole, John M. ; Schaaf, D. ; Yang, K. ; Yu, H. ; Zhao, L.

A series of laboratory intercalibrations of a CTD system were undertaken between 1986 and 1990 as part of cooperative research program between the United States (US) and People's Republic of China (PRC). A comparison of US and PRC calibration facility standards is carried out using a NBIS/EG&G Marine Instruments Mark IIIb CTD system as a "quasi-transfer standard." When compared with the quoted accuracy of the calibration facilities, pressure was found to be more accurate and temperatue was about as accurate as stated. The conductivity standard differences between facilities are difficult to assess because of the CTD conductivity sensor drift.
WHOI SDSL data-link project—ethernet telemetry through sea cables

(American Meteorological Society, 2017-01-23) Swartz, Marshall ; Torres, Daniel J. ; Liberatore, Stephen P. ; Millard, Robert C.

A data telemetry technique for communicating over standard oceanographic sea cables that achieves a nearly 100-fold increase in bandwidth as compared to traditional systems has been recently developed and successfully used at sea on board two Research Vessel (R/V) Atlantis cruises with an 8.5-km, 0.322-in.-diameter three-conductor sea cable. The system uses commercially available modules to provide Ethernet connectivity through existing sea cables, linking serial and video underwater instrumentation to the shipboard user. The new method applies Synchronous Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) communications technology to undersea applications, greatly increasing the opportunities to use scientific instrumentation from existing ships and sea cables at minimal cost and without modification.
Hydrographic observations from the US/PRC Cooperative Program in the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean, cruises 1-4

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1990-01) Cook, Margaret F. ; Mangum, Linda J. ; Millard, Robert C. ; LaMontagne, G. ; Pu, S. ; Toole, John M. ; Wang, Z. ; Yang, K. ; Zhao, L.

In support of the Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, investigators from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), NOAA Pacific Marine Envionmental Laboratory and the State Oceanic Administration (SOA) from both Qingdao (First Institute) and Guangzhou (South China Sea Branch) conducted hydrographic observations aboard the Chinese Research vessels Xiang Yang Hong 5 and Xiang Yang Hong 14 in the western equatorial Pacific. The objective of this component of the TOGA program was to document the water mass property distributions of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean and describe the oceanic velocity field. The four cruises summarized here were conducted during the period November 1985 to June 1988 and are the first half of an eight cruise repeated survey of the region scheduled to be completed in spring 1990. Conductivity-Temperatue-Depth-Oxygen (CTD/02) stations were collected to a minimum cast depth of 2,500 m or the bottom when shallower. The cruises reoccupied the same stations to provide temporal information. Summarized listings of CTD/O2 data together with selected physical properties of sea water for these cruises are provided here, as well as a description of the hardware used and an explanation of the data reduction tehniques employed.
WHOI processed CTD data organization

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1982-08) Millard, Robert C. ; Galbraith, Nancy R.

A data storage format has been developed to be used for processed C.T.D. data on the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Digital Equipment Corporation VAX 11 780 computer. CTDVAX as defined in this report is designed as a flexible internal data format. Station data is organized by ship-cruise-project using a VAX-supplied subdirectory system on disk. This report describes the data organization, file structures, and record formats. File naming conventions, data protection and documentation schemes are explained. Outlines are given of the data processing system in use and of the CTD data accessing utilities available on the VAX.
Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater

(Unesco, 1983) Fofonoff, Nicholas P. ; Millard, Robert C.

Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater, based on the practical salinity scale (PSS-78) and the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80), are compiled in the present report for implementing and standardizing computer programs for oceanographic data processing. Sample FORTRAN subprograms and tables are given to illustrate usage of the algorithms and to show the range of variation and limits of validity of commonly used seawater properties within the oceanic ranges for salinity, temperature and pressure. The algorithms cover the following: conductivity to salinity conversion; salinity to conductivity conversion; specific volume anomaly and density anomaly of seawater; pressure to depth conversion; freezing point temperature of seawater; specific heat of seawater; adiabatic lapse rate; potential temperature; sound speed in seawater.

Millard Robert C.

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