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ArticleThe AlborEX dataset: Sampling of sub-mesoscale features in the Alboran Aea(Copernicus Publications, 2019-01-25) Troupin, Charles ; Pascual, Ananda ; Ruiz, Simon ; Olita, Antonio ; Casas, Benjamin ; Margirier, Félix ; Poulain, Pierre Marie ; Notarstefano, Giulio ; Torner, Marc ; Fernández, Juan Gabriel ; Rújula, Miquel Àngel ; Muñoz, Cristian ; Alou, Eva ; Ruiz, Inmaculada ; Tovar-Sánchez, Antonio ; Allen, John T. ; Mahadevan, Amala ; Tintoré, Joaquínhe AlborEX (Alboran Sea Experiment) consisted of a multi-platform, multi-disciplinary experiment carried out in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea) between 25 and 31 May 2014. The observational component of AlborEx aimed to sample the physical and biogeochemical properties of oceanographic features present along an intense frontal zone, with a particular interest in the vertical motions in its vicinity. To this end, the mission included 1 research vessel (66 profiles), 2 underwater gliders (adding up 552 profiles), 3 profiling floats, and 25 surface drifters. Near real-time ADCP velocities were collected nightly and during the CTD sections. All of the profiling floats acquired temperature and conductivity profiles, while the Provor-bio float also measured oxygen and chlorophyll a concentrations, coloured dissolved organic matter, backscattering at 700nm, downwelling irradiance at 380, 410, and 490nm, as well as photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR). In the context of mesoscale and sub-mesoscale interactions, the AlborEX dataset constitutes a particularly valuable source of information to infer mechanisms, evaluate vertical transport, and establish relationships between the thermal and haline structures and the biogeochemical variable evolution, in a region characterised by strong horizontal gradients provoked by the confluence of Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, thanks to its multi-platform, multi-disciplinary nature. The dataset presented in this paper can be used for the validation of high-resolution numerical models or for data assimilation experiment, thanks to the various scales of processes sampled during the cruise. All the data files that make up the dataset are available in the SOCIB data catalog at https://doi.org/10.25704/z5y2-qpye (Pascual et al., 2018). The nutrient concentrations are available at https://repository.socib.es:8643/repository/entry/show?entryid=07ebf505-bd27-4ae5-aa43-c4d1c85dd500 (last access: 24 December 2018).
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ArticleEffects of oceanic mesoscale and submesoscale frontal processes on the vertical transport of phytoplankton(American Geophysical Union, 2019-07-23) Ruiz, Simon ; Claret, Mariona ; Pascual, Ananda ; Olita, Antonio ; Troupin, Charles ; Capet, Arthur ; Tovar-Sánchez, Antonio ; Allen, John T. ; Poulain, Pierre Marie ; Tintoré, Joaquín ; Mahadevan, AmalaOceanic fronts are dynamically active regions of the global ocean that support upwelling and downwelling with significant implications for phytoplankton production and export. However (on time scales urn:x-wiley:jgrc:media:jgrc23568:jgrc23568-math-0001 the inertial time scale), the vertical velocity is 103–104 times weaker than the horizontal velocity and is difficult to observe directly. Using intensive field observations in conjunction with a process study ocean model, we examine vertical motion and its effect on phytoplankton fluxes at multiple spatial horizontal scales in an oligotrophic region in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The mesoscale ageostrophic vertical velocity (∼10 m/day) inferred from our observations shapes the large‐scale phytoplankton distribution but does not explain the narrow (1–10 km wide) features of high chlorophyll content extending 40–60 m downward from the deep chlorophyll maximum. Using modeling, we show that downwelling submesoscale features concentrate 80% of the downward vertical flux of phytoplankton within just 15% of the horizontal area. These submesoscale spatial structures serve as conduits between the surface mixed layer and pycnocline and can contribute to exporting carbon from the sunlit surface layers to the ocean interior.
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ArticleA multiplatform experiment to unravel meso- and submesoscale processes in an intense front (AlborEx).(Frontiers Media, 2017-02-21) Pascual, Ananda ; Ruiz, Simon ; Olita, Antonio ; Troupin, Charles ; Claret, Mariona ; Casas, Benjamin ; Mourre, Baptiste ; Poulain, Pierre Marie ; Tovar-Sanchez, Antonio ; Capet, Arthur ; Mason, Evan ; Allen, John T. ; Mahadevan, Amala ; Tintoré, JoaquínThe challenges associated with meso- and submesoscale variability (between 1 and 100 km) require high-resolution observations and integrated approaches. Here we describe a major oceanographic experiment designed to capture the intense but transient vertical motions in an area characterized by strong fronts. Finescale processes were studied in the eastern Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean) about 400 km east of the Strait of Gibraltar, a relatively sparsely sampled area. In-situ systems were coordinated with satellite data and numerical simulations to provide a full description of the physical and biogeochemical variability. Hydrographic data confirmed the presence of an intense salinity front formed by the confluence of Atlantic Waters, entering from Gibraltar, with the local Mediterranean waters. The drifters coherently followed the northeastern limb of an anticyclonic gyre. Near real time data from acoustic current meter data profiler showed consistent patterns with currents of up to 1 m/s in the southern part of the sampled domain. High-resolution glider data revealed submesoscale structures with tongues of chlorophyll-a and oxygen associated with the frontal zone. Numerical results show large vertical excursions of tracers that could explain the subducted tongues and filaments captured by ocean gliders. A unique aspect of AlborEx is the combination of high-resolution synoptic measurements of vessel-based measurements, autonomous sampling, remote sensing and modeling, enabling the evaluation of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed distributions and biogeochemical patchiness. The main findings point to the importance of fine-scale processes enhancing the vertical exchanges between the upper ocean and the ocean interior.
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ArticleCoherent pathways for vertical transport from the Surface Ocean to Interior(American Meteorological Society, 2020-11-01) Mahadevan, Amala ; Pascual, Ananda ; Rudnick, Daniel L. ; Ruiz, Simon ; Tintoré, Joaquín ; D'Asaro, Eric A.A long-standing challenge in oceanography is the observing, modeling, and prediction of vertical transport, which links the sunlit and atmospherically mediated surface boundary layer with the deeper ocean. Vertical motions play a critical role in the exchange of heat, freshwater, and biogeochemical tracers between the surface and the ocean interior. The most intense vertical velocities occur at horizontal scales less than 10 km, making them difficult to observe in the ocean and to resolve in models. Understanding how finescale turbulent motions and 0.1–10 km submesoscale processes contribute to the large-scale budgets of nutrients, oxygen, carbon, and heat and affect sea surface temperature, the air–sea exchange of gases, and the carbon cycle is one of the key challenges in oceanography.
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PreprintFrontal dynamics boost primary production in the summer stratified Mediterranean sea( 2017-05) Olita, Antonio ; Capet, Arthur ; Claret, Mariona ; Mahadevan, Amala ; Poulain, Pierre Marie ; Ribotti, Alberto ; Ruiz, Simon ; Tintoré, Joaquín ; Tovar-Sánchez, Antonio ; Pascual, AnandaBio-physical glider measurements from a unique process-oriented experiment in the Eastern Alboran Sea (AlborEx) allowed us to observe the distribution of the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) across an intense density front, with a resolution (∼ 400 m) suitable for investigating sub-mesoscale dynamics. This front, at the interface between Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, had a sharp density gradient (Δρ ∼ 1 kg/m3 in ∼ 10 km) and showed imprints of (sub-)mesoscale phenomena on tracer distributions. Specifically, the chlorophyll-a concentration within the DCM showed a disrupted pattern along isopycnal surfaces, with patches bearing a relationship to the stratification (buoyancy frequency) at depths between 30 and 60 m. In order to estimate the primary production (PP) rate within the chlorophyll patches observed at the sub-surface, we applied the Morel and Andrè (J Geophys Res 96:685–698 1991) bio-optical model using the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) from Argo profiles collected simultaneously with glider data. The highest production was located concurrently with domed isopycnals on the fresh side of the front, suggestive that (sub-)mesoscale upwelling is carrying phytoplankton patches from less to more illuminated levels, with a contemporaneous delivering of nutrients. Integrated estimations of PP (1.3 g C m−2d−1) along the glider path are two to four times larger than the estimations obtained from satellite-based algorithms, i.e., derived from the 8-day composite fields extracted over the glider trip path. Despite the differences in spatial and temporal sampling between instruments, the differences in PP estimations are mainly due to the inability of the satellite to measure DCM patches responsible for the high production. The deepest (depth > 60 m) chlorophyll patches are almost unproductive and probably transported passively (subducted) from upper productive layers. Finally, the relationship between primary production and oxygen is also investigated. The logarithm of the primary production in the DCM interior (chlorophyll (Chl) > 0.5 mg/m3) shows a linear negative relationship with the apparent oxygen utilization, confirming that high chlorophyll patches are productive. The slope of this relationship is different for Atlantic, mixed interface waters and Mediterranean waters, suggesting the presence of differences in planktonic communities (whether physiological, population, or community level should be object of further investigation) on the different sides of the front. In addition, the ratio of optical backscatter to Chl is high within the intermediate (mixed) waters, which is suggestive of large phytoplankton cells, and lower within the core of the Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. These observations highlight the relevance of fronts in triggering primary production at DCM level and shaping the characteristic patchiness of the pelagic domain. This gains further relevance considering the inadequacy of optical satellite sensors to observe DCM concentrations at such fine scales.
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ArticleOceanGliders: A component of the integrated GOOS(Frontiers Media, 2019-10-02) Testor, Pierre ; de Young, Brad ; Rudnick, Daniel L. ; Glenn, Scott ; Hayes, Daniel J. ; Lee, Craig M. ; Pattiaratchi, Charitha ; Hill, Katherine Louise ; Heslop, Emma ; Turpin, Victor ; Alenius, Pekka ; Barrera, Carlos ; Barth, John A. ; Beaird, Nicholas ; Bécu, Guislain ; Bosse, Anthony ; Bourrin, François ; Brearley, J. Alexander ; Chao, Yi ; Chen, Sue ; Chiggiato, Jacopo ; Coppola, Laurent ; Crout, Richard ; Cummings, James A. ; Curry, Beth ; Curry, Ruth G. ; Davis, Richard F. ; Desai, Kruti ; DiMarco, Steven F. ; Edwards, Catherine ; Fielding, Sophie ; Fer, Ilker ; Frajka-Williams, Eleanor ; Gildor, Hezi ; Goni, Gustavo J. ; Gutierrez, Dimitri ; Haugan, Peter M. ; Hebert, David ; Heiderich, Joleen ; Henson, Stephanie A. ; Heywood, Karen J. ; Hogan, Patrick ; Houpert, Loïc ; Huh, Sik ; Inall, Mark E. ; Ishii, Masao ; Ito, Shin-ichi ; Itoh, Sachihiko ; Jan, Sen ; Kaiser, Jan ; Karstensen, Johannes ; Kirkpatrick, Barbara ; Klymak, Jody M. ; Kohut, Josh ; Krahmann, Gerd ; Krug, Marjolaine ; McClatchie, Sam ; Marin, Frédéric ; Mauri, Elena ; Mehra, Avichal ; Meredith, Michael P. ; Meunier, Thomas ; Miles, Travis ; Morell, Julio M. ; Mortier, Laurent ; Nicholson, Sarah ; O'Callaghan, Joanne ; O'Conchubhair, Diarmuid ; Oke, Peter ; Pallás-Sanz, Enric ; Palmer, Matthew D. ; Park, Jong Jin ; Perivoliotis, Leonidas ; Poulain, Pierre Marie ; Perry, Ruth ; Queste, Bastien ; Rainville, Luc ; Rehm, Eric ; Roughan, Moninya ; Rome, Nicholas ; Ross, Tetjana ; Ruiz, Simon ; Saba, Grace ; Schaeffer, Amandine ; Schönau, Martha ; Schroeder, Katrin ; Shimizu, Yugo ; Sloyan, Bernadette M. ; Smeed, David A. ; Snowden, Derrick ; Song, Yumi ; Swart, Sebastiaan ; Tenreiro, Miguel ; Thompson, Andrew ; Tintoré, Joaquín ; Todd, Robert E. ; Toro, Cesar ; Venables, Hugh J. ; Wagawa, Taku ; Waterman, Stephanie N. ; Watlington, Roy A. ; Wilson, DougThe OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health, and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintain and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast.
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ArticleThermal lag correction on Slocum CTD glider data(American Meteorological Society, 2011-09) Garau, Bartolome ; Ruiz, Simon ; Zhang, Weifeng G. ; Pascual, Ananda ; Heslop, Emma ; Kerfoot, John ; Tintoré, JoaquínIn this work a new methodology is proposed to correct the thermal lag error in data from unpumped CTD sensors installed on Slocum gliders. The advantage of the new approach is twofold: first, it takes into account the variable speed of the glider; and second, it can be applied to CTD profiles from an autonomous platform either with or without a reference cast. The proposed methodology finds values for four correction parameters that minimize the area between two temperature–salinity curves given by two CTD profiles. A field experiment with a Slocum glider and a standard CTD was conducted to test the method. Thermal lag–induced salinity error of about 0.3 psu was found and successfully corrected.
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ArticleCoupled atmosphere-ocean-wave simulations of a storm event over the Gulf of Lion and Balearic Sea(American Geophysical Union, 2012-09-15) Renault, Lionel ; Chiggiato, Jacopo ; Warner, John C. ; Gomez, Marta ; Vizoso, Guillermo ; Tintoré, JoaquínThe coastal areas of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea are one of the most challenging places for ocean forecasting. This region is exposed to severe storms events that are of short duration. During these events, significant air-sea interactions, strong winds and large sea-state can have catastrophic consequences in the coastal areas. To investigate these air-sea interactions and the oceanic response to such events, we implemented the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport Modeling System simulating a severe storm in the Mediterranean Sea that occurred in May 2010. During this event, wind speed reached up to 25 m.s−1 inducing significant sea surface cooling (up to 2°C) over the Gulf of Lion (GoL) and along the storm track, and generating surface waves with a significant height of 6 m. It is shown that the event, associated with a cyclogenesis between the Balearic Islands and the GoL, is relatively well reproduced by the coupled system. A surface heat budget analysis showed that ocean vertical mixing was a major contributor to the cooling tendency along the storm track and in the GoL where turbulent heat fluxes also played an important role. Sensitivity experiments on the ocean-atmosphere coupling suggested that the coupled system is sensitive to the momentum flux parameterization as well as air-sea and air-wave coupling. Comparisons with available atmospheric and oceanic observations showed that the use of the fully coupled system provides the most skillful simulation, illustrating the benefit of using a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere–wave model for the assessment of these storm events.
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Technical ReportCALYPSO 2019 Cruise Report: field campaign in the Mediterranean(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2020-01) Mahadevan, Amala ; D'Asaro, Eric A. ; Allen, John T. ; Almaraz García, Pablo ; Alou-Font, Eva ; Aravind, Harilal Meenambika ; Balaguer, Pau ; Caballero, Isabel ; Calafat, Noemi ; Carbornero, Andrea ; Casas, Benjamin ; Castilla, Carlos ; Centurioni, Luca R. ; Conley, Margaret ; Cristofano, Gino ; Cutolo, Eugenio ; Dever, Mathieu ; Enrique Navarro, Angélica ; Falcieri, Francesco M. ; Freilich, Mara A. ; Goodwin, Evan ; Graham, Raymond ; Guigand, Cedric ; Hodges, Benjamin A. ; Huntley, Helga ; Johnston, T. M. Shaun ; Lankhorst, Matthias ; Lermusiaux, Pierre F. J. ; Lizaran, Irene ; Mirabito, Chris ; Miralles, A. ; Mourre, Baptiste ; Navarro, Gabriel ; Ohmart, Michael ; Ouala, Said ; Ozgokmen, Tamay M. ; Pascual, Ananda ; Pou, Joan Mateu Horrach ; Poulain, Pierre Marie ; Ren, Alice ; Tarry, Daniel R. ; Rudnick, Daniel L. ; Rubio, M. ; Ruiz, Simon ; Rypina, Irina I. ; Tintoré, Joaquín ; Send, Uwe ; Shcherbina, Andrey Y. ; Torner, Marc ; Salvador-Vieira, Guilherme ; Wirth, Nikolaus ; Zarokanellos, NikolaosThis cruise aimed to identify transport pathways from the surface into the interior ocean during the late winter in the Alborán sea between the Strait of Gibraltar (5°40’W) and the prime meridian. Theory and previous observations indicated that these pathways likely originated at strong fronts, such as the one that separates salty Mediterranean water and the fresher water in owing from the Atlantic. Our goal was to map such pathways and quantify their transport. Since the outcropping isopycnals at the front extend to the deepest depths during the late winter, we planned the cruise at the end of the Spring, prior to the onset of thermal stratification of the surface mixed layer.
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Dataset2019 Calypso data archive dataset: 2019 mooring data(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2025-12-18) Lankhorst, Matthias ; Send, Uwe ; Sevadjian, Jeffrey ; Tintoré, JoaquínDuring the 2019 Calypso cruise on N/O Pourquoi Pas?, the science team conducted additional operations on R/V SOCIB. Part of these activities included the deployment and recovery of three moorings deployed southwest of Almería, Spain. The cruise report for the 28 March – 11 April, 2019 primary Calypso cruise on N/O Pourquoi Pas? link is under Technical Reports on the landing page and contains an overview of the R/V SOCIB activities. The moorings carried sensors for temperature and salinity in the upper water column. Two versions with different processing levels are provided: One has the data at the original instrumental resolution in time, with depths varying as the moorings tilt in the currents, one file per mooring, with quality control flags associated with each individual data point. The other version contains data from all three moorings in one file, merged onto a regular grid in depth and time using only source data of good quality. A small number of ship-based CTD casts were collected to calibrate/validate the mooring data; these CTD data are also provided in a separate file. All data files are in NetCDF format, and the metadata inside the files contain additional information about data processing, provenance, and quality. Mooring locations were chosen to provide subsurface and transport boundary conditions for numerical simulations (e.g. confluence forming/feeding a front). During field operations, data streams were set up to deliver real-time data to provide support to both the land-based modeling effort, as well as the field operations on board the N/O Pourquoi Pas? After mooring recovery, the full-resolution data was retrieved from internal memory within the instruments; this delayed-mode data available within this archive supersedes the real-time and cloud-based data streams and should be the preferred dataset to use going forward. This dataset was collected by a collaboration between Scripps Institution of Oceanography (San Diego, CA, USA) and SOCIB (Sistema de Observación y Predicción Costero de las Illes Balears SOCIB, Balearic Islands, Spain)
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Dataset2022 WMOP reanalysis data(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2025-08-13) Mourre, Baptiste ; Santana, Alex ; Garcia-Jove, Maximo ; Zarokanellosk, Nikolaos D. ; Tintoré, JoaquínThis dataset provides the outputs of a data-assimilative reanalysis of the 2-km resolution Western Mediterranean OPerational modelling system (WMOP; Juza et al.,2016; Mourre et al., 2018). The WMOP configuration covers the Western Mediterranean basin from Gibraltar strait to the longitude of Corsica and Sardinia Islands. The model was forced at the surface by the hourly and 2.5 km spatial resolution Harmonie-Arome atmospheric model (Bengtsson et al., 2017) provided by the Spanish National Meteorological Agency (AEMET). Boundary conditions were provided by the coarser grid Mediterranean model of the European Copernicus Marine Service (Clementi al., 2021). Satellite and in-situ observations were assimilated in this simulation through an Ensemble Optimal Interpolation method (Hernández-Lasheras and Mourre, 2018; Hernández-Lasheras et al., 2021) with 1-day cycles. Assimilated data included satellite along-track sea level anomalies, sea surface temperature from the Copernicus Mediterranean ultra-high resolution L4 product, Ibiza Channel HF radar currents, sea surface salinity at several moorings, as well as temperature and salinity profiles from Argo floats, CTD stations, MVP, EcoCTD and Wire Walker instruments, Lagrangian floats and the eight gliders deployed during the Calypso 2022 sea trial experiment. The simulation spans the period from 15 February to 15 June 2022. This dataset provides the hourly simulation outputs over the study area (0.5 to 5.5oE and 39.0 to 42.5oN) for 30 vertical levels from the surface to 2500m depth. The variables provided in the netcdf files are potential temperature, salinity, horizontal and vertical velocities and sea level. Variables: potential temperature, salinity, zonal velocity, meridional velocity, vertical velocity, sea level.
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Dataset2019 WMOP reanalysis data(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2026-01-07) Mourre, Baptiste ; Santana, Alex ; Garcia-Jove, Maximo ; Zarokanellosk, Nikolaos D. ; Tintoré, JoaquínThis dataset provides the outputs of a data-assimilative reanalysis of the 2-km resolution Western Mediterranean OPerational modelling system (WMOP; Juza et al.,2016; Mourre et al., 2018). The WMOP configuration covers the Western Mediterranean basin from Gibraltar strait to the longitude of Corsica and Sardinia Islands. The model was forced at the surface by the hourly and 2.5 km spatial resolution Harmonie-Arome atmospheric model (Bengtsson et al., 2017) provided by the Spanish National Meteorological Agency (AEMET). Boundary conditions were provided by the coarser grid Mediterranean model of the European Copernicus Marine Service (Clementi al., 2021). Satellite and in-situ observations were assimilated in this simulation through an Ensemble Optimal Interpolation method (Hernández-Lasheras and Mourre, 2018; Hernández-Lasheras et al., 2021) with 3-day cycles. Assimilated data included satellite along-track sea level anomalies, Sea Surface Temperature from the Copernicus Mediterranean ultra-high resolution L4 product, Ibiza Channel HF radar currents, as well as temperature and salinity profiles from Argo floats and CTD stations collected during the Calypso sea trial experiment. The simulation spans the period from 15 March to 22 May 2019. This dataset provides the 3-hourly simulation outputs centered over the study area (5.8oW to 0oE and 34.9 to 37.8oN) for 30 vertical levels from the surface to 2500m depth. The variables provided in the netcdf files are potential temperature, salinity, horizontal and vertical velocities and sea level.