Chen Chi-Fang

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Chen
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Chi-Fang
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  • Article
    Enhanced acoustic mode coupling resulting from an internal solitary wave approaching the shelfbreak in the South China Sea
    (Acoustical Society of America, 2013-03) Chiu, Linus Y. S. ; Reeder, D. Benjamin ; Chang, Yuan-Ying ; Chen, Chi-Fang ; Chiu, Ching-Sang ; Lynch, James F.
    Internal waves and bathymetric variation create time- and space-dependent alterations in the ocean acoustic waveguide, and cause subsequent coupling of acoustic energy between propagating normal modes. In this paper, the criterion for adiabatic invariance is extended to the case of an internal solitary wave (ISW) encountering a sloping bathymetry (i.e., continental shelfbreak). Predictions based on the extended criterion for adiabatic invariance are compared to experimental observations from the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment. Using a mode 1 starter field, results demonstrate time-dependent coupling of mode 1 energy to higher adjacent modes, followed by abrupt coupling of mode 5–7 energy to nonadjacent modes 8–20, produces enhanced mode coupling and higher received levels downrange of the oceanographic and bathymetric features. Numerical simulations demonstrate that increasing ISW amplitude and seafloor slope enhance the coupling of energy to adjacent and nonadjacent modes. This enhanced coupling is the direct result of the simultaneous influence of the ISW and its proximity to the shelfbreak, and, compared to the individual effect of the ISW or shelfbreak, has the capacity to scatter 2–4 times the amount of acoustic energy from below the thermocline into the upper water column beyond the shelfbreak in realistic environments.
  • Article
    Estimate of the bottom compressional wave speed profile in the northeastern South China Sea using "Sources of Opportunity"
    (IEEE, 2004-10) Lin, Ying-Tsong ; Lynch, James F. ; Chotiros, Nicholas P. ; Chen, Chi-Fang ; Newhall, Arthur E. ; Turgut, Altan ; Schock, Steven G. ; Chiu, Ching-Sang ; Bartek, Louis R. ; Liu, Char-Shine
    The inversion of a broad-band "source of opportunity" signal for bottom geoacoustic parameters in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) is presented, which supplements the towed source and chirp sonar bottom inversions that were performed as part of the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX). This source of opportunity was most likely a "dynamite fishing" signal, which has sufficient low-frequency content (5-500 Hz) to make it complimentary to the somewhat higher frequency J-15-3 towed source (50-260 Hz) signals and the much higher frequency (1-10 kHz) chirp signals. This low frequency content will penetrate deeper into the bottom, thus extending the other inverse results. Localization of the source is discussed, using both a horizontal array for azimuthal steering and the "water wave" part of the pulse arrival for distance estimation. A linear broad-band inverse is performed, and three new variants of the broad-band inverse, based on: 1) the Airy phase; 2) the cutoff frequency; and 3) a range-dependent medium are presented. A multilayer model of the bottom compressional wave speed is obtained, and error estimates for this model are shown, both for the range-independent approximation to the waveguide and for the range-dependent waveguide. Directions for future research are discussed.
  • Article
    Anthropogenic sound exposure-induced stress in captive dolphins and implications for cetacean health
    (Frontiers Media, 2021-03-05) Yang, Wei-Cheng ; Chen, Chi-Fang ; Chuah, Yee-Chien ; Zhuang, Chun-Ru ; Chen, I-Hua ; Mooney, T. Aran ; Stott, Jeffrey ; Blanchard, Myra ; Jen, I-Fan ; Chou, Lien-Siang
    Many cetaceans are exposed to increasing pressure caused by anthropogenic activities in their marine environment. Anthropogenic sound has been recognized as a possible stressor for cetaceans that may have impacts on health. However, the relationship between stress, hormones, and cytokines secretion in cetaceans is complex and not fully understood. Moreover, the effects of stress are often inconsistent because the character, intensity, and duration of the stressors are variable. For a better understanding of how anthropogenic sounds affect the psychophysiology of cetaceans, the present study compared the changes of cortisol concentration and cytokine gene transcriptions in blood samples and behaviors of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) after sound exposures. The sound stimuli were 800 Hz pure-tone multiple impulsive sound for 30 min at three different sound levels (estimated mean received SPL: 0, 120, and 140 dB re 1 μPa) that likely cause no permanent and temporary hearing threshold shift in dolphins. Six cytokine genes (IL-2Rα, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) were selected for analysis. Cortisol levels and IL-10 gene transcription increased and IFNγ/IL-10 ratio was lower after a 30-min high-level sound exposure, indicating the sound stimuli used in this study could be a stressor for cetaceans, although only minor behavior changes were observed. This study may shed light on the potential impact of pile driving-like sounds on the endocrine and immune systems in cetaceans and provide imperative information regarding sound exposure for free-ranging cetaceans.
  • Technical Report
    Acoustics and oceanographic observations collected during the QPE Experiment by Research Vessels OR1, OR2 and OR3 in the East China Sea in the Summer of 2009
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2010-08) Newhall, Arthur E. ; Lynch, James F. ; Gawarkiewicz, Glen G. ; Duda, Timothy F. ; McPhee, Neil M. ; Bahr, Frank B. ; Marquette, Craig D. ; Lin, Ying-Tsong ; Jan, Sen ; Wang, Joe ; Chen, Chi-Fang ; Chiu, Linus Y. S. ; Yang, Yiing-Jang ; Wei, Ruey-Chang ; Emerson, Chris ; Morton, David ; Abbot, Ted ; Abbot, Philip A. ; Calder, Brian ; Mayer, Larry A. ; Lermusiaux, Pierre F. J.
    This document describes data, sensors, and other useful information pertaining to the ONR sponsored QPE field program to quantify, predict and exploit uncertainty in observations and prediction of sound propagation. This experiment was a joint operation between Taiwanese and U.S. researchers to measure and assess uncertainty of predictions of acoustic transmission loss and ambient noise, and to observe the physical oceanography and geology that are necessary to improve their predictability. This work was performed over the continental shelf and slope northeast of Taiwan at two sites: one that was a relatively flat, homogeneous shelf region and a more complex geological site just shoreward of the shelfbreak that was influenced by the proximity of the Kuroshio Current. Environmental moorings and ADCP moorings were deployed and a shipboard SeaSoar vehicle was used to measure environmental spatial structure. In addition, multiple bottom moored receivers and a horizontal hydrophone array were deployed to sample transmission loss from a mobile source and ambient noise. The acoustic sensors, environmental sensors, shipboard resources, and experiment design, and their data, are presented and described in this technical report.
  • Article
    Preliminary examination of the low-frequency ambient noise field in the South China Sea during the 2001 ASIAEX experiment
    (IEEE, 2004-10) Wei, Ruey-Chang ; Chen, Chi-Fang ; Newhall, Arthur E. ; Lynch, James F. ; Duda, Timothy F. ; Liu, Chih-Sheng ; Lin, Po-Chang
    This correspondence presents a preliminary examination of the low frequency ambient noise field measured in the South China Sea component of the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX), concentrating on the frequencies of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 Hz. A two-week-long time series of the noise at these frequencies is examined for structure in both the time and frequency domains. Three features of particular interest in these series are: 1) the noise due to a typhoon, which passed near the experimental site, 2) the weak tidal frequency variability of the noise field, which is probably due to internal tide induced variability in the propagation conditions, and 3) the vertical angle dependence of the noise, particularly as regards the shallow water "noise notch" phenomenon. The acoustic frequency dependence and the vertical dependence of the noise field are also examined over the course of the time series. A simple look at the noise variability statistics is presented. Finally, directions for further analysis are discussed.