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DatasetZooSCAN images of zooplankton collected during BATS MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, and AE1819 in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study from 2016 to 2018(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-11-04) Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Maas, Amy ; Gossner, HannahZooSCAN images from BATS MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, and AE1819 in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) in July of 2016, 2017, and 2018 as well as October 2018 (eight casts in total, 63 discrete nets). These data were published in Maas et al. (2021). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/853440
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DatasetZooSCAN biovolume to biomass from imaged zooplankton collected during MOCNESS tows during various R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises and small boat deployments in the Sargasso Sea betwen 2016 to 2019(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-11-04) Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Maas, Amy ; Gossner, HannahZooSCAN biovolume to biomass from the Sargasso Sea including locations in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS). Samples were collected during MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises between 2016 to 2019 (AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, AE1917, AE1918, AE1931) and a few small boat deployments. These data were published in Maas et al. (2021) as Supplementary Table 1. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/854077
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DatasetCTD profiles from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 during May 2019(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-09-25) Maas, Amy ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Tarrant, Ann M.CTD profiles from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 during May 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/774958
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DatasetZooSCAN output from of imaged zooplankton collected during BATS MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, and AE1819 in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study from 2016 to 2018(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-11-04) Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Maas, Amy ; Gossner, HannahZooSCAN output from of imaged zooplankton collected during BATS MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, and AE1819 in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study from 2016 to 2018. These data were published in Maas et al. (2021). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/857891
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DatasetContinuous MOCNESS data files from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1918 during July 2019(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-12-02) Maas, Amy ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Tarrant, Ann M.AE1918 was a cruise of opportunity on which two oceanographic sampling activities were conducted: a CTD cast and a MOCNESS net tow. These are the continuous underway data from the MOCNESS tow. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/781545
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DatasetBottle data from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 during May 2019(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-09-25) Maas, Amy ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Tarrant, Ann M.Bottle data from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 during May 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/774859
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DatasetMOCNESS net data from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 during May 2019(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-09-25) Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Maas, Amy ; Tarrant, Ann M.MOCNESS net data from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 during May 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/775391
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DatasetContinuous MOCNESS data files from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 during May 2019(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-09-25) Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Maas, Amy ; Tarrant, Ann M.Continuous MOCNESS data files from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 during May 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/777838
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ArticleReexamination of the species assignment of Diacavolinia pteropods using DNA barcoding(Public Library of Science, 2013-01-15) Maas, Amy E. ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Lawson, Gareth L.Thecosome pteropods (Mollusca, Gastropoda) are an ecologically important, diverse, and ubiquitous group of holoplanktonic animals that are the focus of intense research interest due to their external aragonite shell and vulnerability to ocean acidification. Characterizing the response of these animals to low pH and other environmental stressors has been hampered by continued uncertainty in their taxonomic identification. An example of this confusion in species assignment is found in the genus Diacavolinia. All members of this genus were originally indentified as a single species, Cavolinia longirostris, but over the past fifty years the taxonomy has been revisited multiple times; currently the genus comprises 22 different species. This study examines five species of Diacavolinia, including four sampled in the Northeast Atlantic (78 individuals) and one from the Eastern tropical North Pacific (15 individuals). Diacavolina were identified to species based on morphological characteristics according to the current taxonomy, photographed, and then used to determine the sequence of the “DNA barcoding” region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Specimens from the Atlantic, despite distinct differences in shell morphology, showed polyphyly and a genetic divergence of <3% (K2P distance) whereas the Pacific and Atlantic samples were more distant (~19%). Comparisons of Diacavolinia spp. with other Cavolinia spp. reveal larger distances (~24%). These results indicate that specimens from the Atlantic comprise a single monophyletic species and suggest possible species-level divergence between Atlantic and Pacific populations. The findings support the maintenance of Diacavolinia as a separate genus, yet emphasize the inadequacy of our current taxonomic understanding of pteropods. They highlight the need for accurate species identifications to support estimates of biodiversity, range extent and natural exposure of these planktonic calcifiers to environmental variability; furthermore, the apparent variation of the pteropods shell may have implications for our understanding of the species’ sensitivity to ocean acidification.
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ArticleToward a global reference database of COI barcodes for marine zooplankton(Springer, 2021-05-04) Bucklin, Ann ; Peijnenburg, Katja T. C. A. ; Kosobokova, Ksenia N. ; O'Brien, Todd D. ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Cornils, Astrid ; Falkenhaug, Tone ; Hopcroft, Russell R. ; Hosia, Aino ; Laakmann, Silke ; Li, Chaolun ; Martell, Luis ; Questel, Jennifer M. ; Wall-Palmer, Deborah ; Wang, Minxiao ; Wiebe, Peter ; Weydmann-Zwolicka, AgataCharacterization of species diversity of zooplankton is key to understanding, assessing, and predicting the function and future of pelagic ecosystems throughout the global ocean. The marine zooplankton assemblage, including only metazoans, is highly diverse and taxonomically complex, with an estimated ~28,000 species of 41 major taxonomic groups. This review provides a comprehensive summary of DNA sequences for the barcode region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) for identified specimens. The foundation of this summary is the MetaZooGene Barcode Atlas and Database (MZGdb), a new open-access data and metadata portal that is linked to NCBI GenBank and BOLD data repositories. The MZGdb provides enhanced quality control and tools for assembling COI reference sequence databases that are specific to selected taxonomic groups and/or ocean regions, with associated metadata (e.g., collection georeferencing, verification of species identification, molecular protocols), and tools for statistical analysis, mapping, and visualization. To date, over 150,000 COI sequences for ~ 5600 described species of marine metazoan plankton (including holo- and meroplankton) are available via the MZGdb portal. This review uses the MZGdb as a resource for summaries of COI barcode data and metadata for important taxonomic groups of marine zooplankton and selected regions, including the North Atlantic, Arctic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. The MZGdb is designed to provide a foundation for analysis of species diversity of marine zooplankton based on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding for assessment of marine ecosystems and rapid detection of the impacts of climate change.
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ArticleDiel metabolic patterns in a migratory oceanic copepod(Elsevier, 2021-10-13) Tarrant, Ann M. ; McNamara-Bordewick, Nora ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Miccoli, Andrea ; Maas, Amy E.Diel vertical migration of zooplankton profoundly impacts the transport of nutrients and carbon through the water column. Despite the acknowledged importance of this active flux to ocean biogeochemistry, these contributions remain poorly constrained, in part because daily variations in metabolic rates are not considered or are modeled as simple functions of temperature. To address this uncertainty, we sampled the subtropical copepod Pleuromamma xiphias at 4- to 7-h intervals throughout the daily migration and measured rates of oxygen consumption, ammonium excretion, fecal pellet production and metabolic enzyme activity. No significant patterns were detected in rates of oxygen consumption or ammonium excretion for freshly caught animals over the diel cycle. Fecal pellet production was highest during mid-night, consistent with several hours of feeding near the surface. Surface feeding resulted in fecal pellet production at depth in the morning, providing direct evidence that active flux of particulate organic carbon occurs in this region. Electron transport system activity was highest during the afternoon, contrary to our prediction of reduced daytime metabolism. Activity of both glutamate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase increased during early night, reflecting higher capacity for excretion and aerobic respiration, respectively. Overall, these results show that activities of metabolic enzymes vary during diel vertical migration. The surprising observation of elevated afternoon enzyme activity coupled with daytime fecal pellet and ammonium production suggests that additional characterization of the daytime activity of migratory zooplankton is warranted.
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ArticleVariations in copepod proteome and respiration rate in association with diel vertical migration and circadian cycle(University of Chicago Press, 2018-08-16) Maas, Amy E. ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Lo, Ali ; Tarrant, Ann M. ; Timmins-Schiffman, EmmaThe diel vertical migration of zooplankton is a process during which individuals spend the night in surface waters and retreat to depth during the daytime, with substantial implications for carbon transport and the ecology of midwater ecosystems. The physiological consequences of this daily pattern have, however, been poorly studied beyond investigations of speed and the energetic cost of swimming. Many other processes are likely influenced, such as fuel use, energetic trade-offs, underlying diel (circadian) rhythms, and antioxidant responses. Using a new reference transcriptome, proteomic analyses were applied to compare the physiological state of a migratory copepod, Pleuromamma xiphias, immediately after arriving to the surface at night and six hours later. Oxygen consumption was monitored semi-continuously to explore underlying cyclical patterns in metabolic rate under dark-dark conditions. The proteomic analysis suggests a distinct shift in physiology that reflects migratory exertion and changes in metabolism. These proteomic analyses are supported by the respiration experiments, which show an underlying cycle in metabolic rate, with a peak at dawn. This project generates molecular tools (transcriptome and proteome) that will allow for more detailed understanding of the underlying physiological processes that influence and are influenced by diel vertical migration. Further, these studies suggest that P. xiphias is a tractable model for continuing investigations of circadian and diel vertical migration influences on plankton physiology. Previous studies did not account for this cyclic pattern of respiration and may therefore have unrepresented respiratory carbon fluxes from copepods by about 24%.
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DatasetProcessed CTD (1 m binned) data from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1918 during July 2019(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-12-02) Maas, Amy ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Tarrant, Ann M.AE1918 was a cruise of opportunity on which two oceanographic sampling activities were conducted: a CTD cast and a MOCNESS net tow. These are the processed, binned CTD data. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/781972
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DatasetMOCNESS net data from R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1918 in July 2019(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2019-12-02) Maas, Amy ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Tarrant, Ann M.AE1918 was a cruise of opportunity on which two oceanographic sampling activities were conducted: a CTD cast and a MOCNESS net tow. These are the net data from the MOCNESS tow. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/781508
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DatasetOrganismal physiological metrics from time series experiments on samples collected on R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 in May 2019(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-01-19) Maas, Amy ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Tarrant, Ann M.Organismal physiological metrics from time series experiments on samples collected on R/V Atlantic Explorer cruise AE1910 in May 2019. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/829777
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DatasetZooSCAN images of zooplankton collected during OAPS MOCNESS tows during R/V Oceanus cruise OC473 in the northwest Atlantic in 2011 and R/V New Horizon cruise NH1208 in the northeast Pacific in 2012(Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu, 2021-12-03) Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Maas, Amy E. ; Gossner, HannahZooSCAN images of zooplankton collected during OAPS MOCNESS tows during R/V Oceanus cruise OC473 in the Northwestern Atlantic in 2011 and R/V New Horizon cruise NH1208 in the Northeastern Pacific in 2012. Day and night stations were sampled between 0 to 1000m depths from 35 to 50 N in the northwest Atlantic in 2011, and from 35 and 50N along CLIVAR line P17N in 2012. Some chaetognaths and all pteropods were removed prior to imaging in association with the original OAPS and ancillary projects.
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ArticleMigratory zooplankton excreta and its influence on prokaryotic communities(Frontiers Media, 2020-12-01) Maas, Amy E. ; Liu, Shuting ; Bolaños, Luis M. ; Widner, Brittany ; Parsons, Rachel ; Kujawinski, Elizabeth B. ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Carlson, Craig A.Particulate organic matter (POM) (fecal pellets) from zooplankton has been demonstrated to be an important nutrient source for the pelagic prokaryotic community. Significantly less is known about the chemical composition of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) produced by these eukaryotes and its influence on pelagic ecosystem structure. Zooplankton migrators, which daily transport surface-derived compounds to depth, may act as important vectors of limiting nutrients for mesopelagic microbial communities. In this role, zooplankton may increase the DOM remineralization rate by heterotrophic prokaryotes through the creation of nutrient rich “hot spots” that could potentially increase niche diversity. To explore these interactions, we collected the migratory copepod Pleuromamma xiphias from the northwestern Sargasso Sea and sampled its excreta after 12–16 h of incubation. We measured bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) via high performance liquid chromatography and dissolved targeted metabolites via quantitative mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MSMS) to quantify organic zooplankton excreta production and characterize its composition. We observed production of labile DOM, including amino acids, vitamins, and nucleosides. Additionally, we harvested a portion of the excreta and subsequently used it as the growth medium for mesopelagic (200 m) bacterioplankton dilution cultures. In zooplankton excreta treatments we observed a four-fold increase in bacterioplankton cell densities that reached stationary growth phase after five days of dark incubation. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene amplicons suggested a shift from oligotrophs typical of open ocean and mesopelagic prokaryotic communities to more copiotrophic bacterial lineages in the presence of zooplankton excreta. These results support the hypothesis that zooplankton and prokaryotes are engaged in complex and indirect ecological interactions, broadening our understanding of the microbial loop.
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ArticleRecurring seasonality exposes dominant species and niche partitioning strategies of open ocean picoeukaryotic algae(Nature Research, 2024-05-20) Eckmann, Charlotte A. ; Bachy, Charles ; Wittmers, Fabian ; Strauss, Jan ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Vergin, Kevin L. ; Parsons, Rachel J. ; Kudela, Raphael M. ; Johnson, Rod ; Bolanos, Luis M. ; Giovannoni, Stephen J. ; Carlson, Craig A. ; Worden, Alexandra Z.Ocean spring phytoplankton blooms are dynamic periods important to global primary production. We document vertical patterns of a diverse suite of eukaryotic algae, the prasinophytes, in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre with monthly sampling over four years at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site. Water column structure was used to delineate seasonal stability periods more ecologically relevant than seasons defined by calendar dates. During winter mixing, tiny prasinophytes dominated by Class II comprise 46 ± 24% of eukaryotic algal (plastid-derived) 16S rRNA V1-V2 amplicons, specifically Ostreococcus Clade OII, Micromonas commoda, and Bathycoccus calidus. In contrast, Class VII are rare and Classes I and VI peak during warm stratified periods when surface eukaryotic phytoplankton abundances are low. Seasonality underpins a reservoir of genetic diversity from multiple prasinophyte classes during warm periods that harbor ephemeral taxa. Persistent Class II sub-species dominating the winter/spring bloom period retreat to the deep chlorophyll maximum in summer, poised to seed the mixed layer upon winter convection, exposing a mechanism for initiating high abundances at bloom onset. Comparisons to tropical oceans reveal broad distributions of the dominant sub-species herein. This unparalleled window into temporal and spatial niche partitioning of picoeukaryotic primary producers demonstrates how key prasinophytes prevail in warm oceans.
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ArticleRole of Syndiniales parasites in depth-specific networks and carbon flux in the oligotrophic ocean(Oxford University Press, 2024-01-23) Anderson, Sean R. ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Carlson, Craig A. ; Harvey, Elizabeth L.Microbial associations that result in phytoplankton mortality are important for carbon transport in the ocean. This includes parasitism, which in microbial food webs is dominated by the marine alveolate group, Syndiniales. Parasites are expected to contribute to carbon recycling via host lysis; however, knowledge on host dynamics and correlation to carbon export remain unclear and limit the inclusion of parasitism in biogeochemical models. We analyzed a 4-year 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding dataset (2016–19), performing network analysis for 12 discrete depths (1–1000 m) to determine Syndiniales–host associations in the seasonally oligotrophic Sargasso Sea. Analogous water column and sediment trap data were included to define environmental drivers of Syndiniales and their correlation with particulate carbon flux (150 m). Syndiniales accounted for 48–74% of network edges, most often associated with Dinophyceae and Arthropoda (mainly copepods) at the surface and Rhizaria (Polycystinea, Acantharea, and RAD-B) in the aphotic zone. Syndiniales were the only eukaryote group to be significantly (and negatively) correlated with particulate carbon flux, indicating their contribution to flux attenuation via remineralization. Examination of Syndiniales amplicons revealed a range of depth patterns, including specific ecological niches and vertical connection among a subset (19%) of the community, the latter implying sinking of parasites (infected hosts or spores) on particles. Our findings elevate the critical role of Syndiniales in marine microbial systems and reveal their potential use as biomarkers for carbon export.
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ArticlePlanktonic marine fungi: A review(American Geophysical Union, 2024-03-03) Peng, Xuefeng ; Amend, Anthony S. ; Baltar, Federico ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Breyer, Eva ; Burgaud, Gaetan ; Cunliffe, Michael ; Edgcomb, Virginia P. ; Grossart, Hans-Peter ; Mara, Paraskevi ; Masigol, Hossein ; Pang, Ka-Lai ; Retter, Alice ; Roberts, Cordelia ; van Bleijswijk, Judith ; Walker, Allison K. ; Whitner, SyrenaFungi in marine ecosystems play crucial roles as saprotrophs, parasites, and pathogens. The definition of marine fungi has evolved over the past century. Currently, “marine fungi” are defined as any fungi recovered repeatedly from marine habitats that are able to grow and/or sporulate in marine environments, form symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms, adapt and evolve at the genetic level, or are active metabolically in marine environments. While there are a number of recent reviews synthesizing our knowledge derived from over a century of research on marine fungi, this review article focuses on the state of knowledge on planktonic marine fungi from the coastal and open ocean, defined as fungi that are in suspension or attached to particles, substrates or in association with hosts in the pelagic zone of the ocean, and their roles in remineralization of organic matter and major biogeochemical cycles. This review differs from previous ones by focusing on biogeochemical impacts of planktonic marine fungi and methodological considerations for investigating their diversity and ecological functions. Importantly, we point out gaps in our knowledge and the potential methodological biases that might have contributed to these gaps. Finally, we highlight recommendations that will facilitate future studies of marine fungi. This article first provides a brief overview of the diversity of planktonic marine fungi, followed by a discussion of the biogeochemical impacts of planktonic marine fungi, and a wide range of methods that can be used to study marine fungi.