Hulburt Edward M.

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Hulburt
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Edward M.
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  • Preprint
    The application of set theory to ecology
    ( 2007-06-11T18:41:12Z) Hulburt, Edward M.
    Sets and membership are part of the structure of the world. Sets and membership hold nature together.
  • Preprint
    Logical and set theory models for gastropod larvae, North American birds and seals of the world
    ( 2006-05-18T19:25:46Z) Hulburt, Edward M.
    Two logically valid models are used to compare the gastropod (snail) larvae of Atlantic and Pacific equatorial oceans with birds of North America. One model is this: if there is an environment that supports many species, then there are many species that are supported by one or more environments. This model says that the many species are supported by one environment in the ocean but are supported both by one environment and each species by its own environment among birds on land. A second model is this: if one environment is suited to many species then the many species are suited (adapted) to the one environment – this of course can be reversed, if species are suited to environment then environment is suited to species; so environment and species are suited to each other. This model is applicable to gastropod larvae of the ocean and the birds of North America. A set theory model is applied to the 32 species of seals (and sea lions) of the world. A set theory model is this: a bijective relation between each species and its environment or locale is such that there is a one-to-one correspondence between each species and its unique area or environment; whereas a surjective relation allows overlap of several species occupying the same area in a non one-to-one correspondence. There are 19 bijective seal species and 13 surjective seal species. Bijective cases are the North American birds interpreted as each being supported by and suited to its own area or environment. Surjective cases are many gastropod larvae supported by or suited to one ocean environment.
  • Preprint
    The deduction theorem and ecology
    ( 2008-04-11T19:20:28Z) Hulburt, Edward M.
    The deduction theorem is based primarily on the formula [A superset of (B superset of C)] superset of [(A superset of B) superset of (A superset of C)]. The fisheries of Newfoundland, Iceland, and west Greenland have three aspects, a first aspect of abundance of cod or herring, aspect A, a second aspect of overfishing or overfishing plus hydrographic change, aspect B, and a third aspect of collapse of the cod-herring fishery or shift to shrimp, aspect C. Each aspect implies, connects to the next either in [A superset of (B superset of C)] sequence or in the [(A superset of B) superset of (A superset of C)] double sequence. The Mississippi River system has three parts, the drainage area of the inner U.S.A., part A, the plankton-rich, low salinity plume to the west of the Mississippi delta, part B, and the oxygen-depleted near-bottom layer of the plume, part C. These parts are connected, as shown by the implication connective, superset of . There are two indirect applications of the deduction theorem. The first is three aspects of hotspots, each hotspot being a region having a set of many indigenous species and having set of endangered species, the two sets being identical by having all the same species (the principle of extensionality). The second indirect application is three logically valid formulas that describe most of the natural world. A is contraposition, an example of which is: a vertebrate is adapted to year-round temperate temperature if it is functional (active) year-round; if and only if a vertebrate is not adapted to year-round temperate temperature only if it is not functional (not active) year-round. B is equivalence, an example of which is: if a North American bird species is adapted to its area, then its area is adapted to it, and if its area is adapted to the species, then the species is adapted to its area – equivalent to: species is adapted to area if and only if area is adapted to species. C is constructive dilemma, an example of which is: all insects are in diapause or non-diapause condition; all insects, if in diapause condition, are winter adapted; and all insects, if in non-diapause (winged) condition, are summer adapted: therefore, all insects are winter adapted or summer adapted. The three logically valid formulas, contraposition, equivalence, and constructive dilemma are thus parts of the larger logically valid formula of the deduction theorem. The empirical data, of considerable value in themselves, become of very great value when inserted into the validity formulas, which seem of limited value without the empirical input. Thus the intent of this several-layered study is just to probe into the underpinnings of nature and to attempt to create some order in our perception of these underpinnings.
  • Preprint
    The biology and philosophy of adaptation
    ( 2006-04-18T18:50:44Z) Hulburt, Edward M.
    A logico-linguistic analysis is presented first, in which the symbolization of being adapted, having an adaptation, and having adaptedness is explained. Next the linguistic-realistic divide is portrayed. This is explained as ‘adapted’ the word being true of some ‘x’ and ‘adapted’ the word referring to an external entity adapted. The external entity adapted is true of some real organism x, and this organism exemplifies the property of being adapted. Finally, the external world of properties is portrayed. Thus the property of overwintering in angiosperms by bare limbs, seeds, and underground parts dictates winter adaptedness; the property of spring-summer growth of leaves, of annual plants and of above-ground parts dictates summer adaptedness. Also the property of overwintering in diapause insects and in hibernating mammals and southern flying birds dictates winter adaptedness, while the property of spring-summer growth and activity of non-diapause insects, of non-hibernating mammals, and northern mating birds dictate summer adaptedness. And year-round functionality dictates year-round adaptedness and year-round non-functionality dictates year-round non-adaptedness, exemplifications of the first pair being in non-hibernating mammals and of the second pair being in cold-blooded vertebrates and gymnosperms.
  • Preprint
    Essays in philosophical biology
    ( 2005-02-23T19:00:31Z) Hulburt, Edward M.
    Philosophical biology, one might venture to assert, is an effort to delve as deeply as possible into the underpinnings of biological structure. Consequently the effort will be, first, to understand how continuity can be maintained in the drastic change from cold-blooded to warm-blooded vertebrates, from the property of cold-bloodedness to the property of warm-bloodedness. The effort will be extended, second, to consider how properties, in the fully explained sense provided by philosophers, can be used to explain winter and summer adaptedness, and to explain adaptedness and non-adaptedness. Finally, the effort will take up, third, what is deeply germane in a distinction between two environments, the ocean and land environment – for the relational supporting and the attributional suited to dictate very different accounts of environment and species in the Pacific Ocean and on the North American continent. The three efforts just mentioned will be presented as: I. Can evolution be philosophically integrated?; II. Properties and adaptation; III. A view of two worlds.
  • Technical Report
    Report on a survey of the chemistry and hydrography of Great South Bay and Moriches Bay : made in June, 1957 for the Town of Islip, New York
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1957-10) Ryther, John H. ; Vaccaro, Ralph F. ; Yentsch, Charles S. ; Hulburt, Edward M.
    At the request of the Township of Islip, a chemical and biological survey of Great South Bay and Moriches Bay was conducted by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution during the summer of 1957. The survey duplicated to a large extent those which have been made annually by this Institution since 1950. Due to previous commitments :of the scientists, the 1957 survey was made during June 24-25 rather than in late August, when the earlier studies were conducted. Water samples were taken for both direct and subsequent laboratory analyses from the same locations as in the earlier surveys, consisting of a line of 17 stations located approximately along the central channel from Fire Island Inlet, at the western end of Great South Bay, to Westhampton, at the eastern end of Moriches Bay. Eleven additional stations were occupied along the northern side of the embayments in the various coves, creeks and rivers which had earlier been found to contribute to the pollution of the bay waters. Station locations are shown in Figure 1. The survey was conducted from a boat provided by the New York State Department of Conservation, and the authors wish to acknowledge their generous assistance. Much credit is also due to Mssrs. G. H. Vanderborgh, Sr. and Jr., Mr. Joseph Glancy, Mr. Samuel Cross, and Mr. Kenneth Mockridge for their valuable help before and during the survey, and for making available the seasonal data on salinity, rainfall, and winds which were used in the preparation of this report.
  • Preprint
    Natural selection, microevolution and macroevolution
    ( 2007-06-11T19:15:21Z) Hulburt, Edward M.
    The use of logical validity and empirical data will show that natural selection occurs at the micro-evolutionary level but does not occur at the macro-evolutionary level.
  • Preprint
    Modelling ecology from logic
    ( 2007-10-10T16:56:12Z) Hulburt, Edward M.
    The thesis of this essay is that logically valid formulations guarantee correct and coherent summaries of scientific data. Several studies are presented that can be shown to be inadequate or simply wrong by logical procedures. But large and small aspects of nature are described and then summarized correctly by logically valid formulations.