Carroll Emma L.

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Last Name
Carroll
First Name
Emma L.
ORCID
0000-0003-3193-7288

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  • Article
    Genetic diversity and connectivity of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) found in the Brazil and Chile-Peru wintering grounds and the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur) feeding ground
    (Oxford University Press, 2020-04-29) Carroll, Emma ; Ott, Paulo H. ; McMillan, Louise F. ; Galletti Vernazzani, Bárbara ; Neveceralova, Petra ; Vermeulen, Els ; Gaggiotti, Oscar E. ; Andriolo, Artur ; Baker, C. Scott ; Bamford, Connor ; Best, Peter B. ; Cabrera, Elsa ; Calderan, Susannah ; Chirife, Andrea ; Fewster, Rachel M. ; Flores, Paulo A. C. ; Frasier, Timothy ; Freitas, Thales R. O. ; Groch, Karina ; Hulva, Pavel ; Kennedy, Amy S. ; Leaper, Russell ; Leslie, Matthew S. ; Moore, Michael J. ; Oliveira, Larissa ; Seger, Jon ; Stepien, Emilie N. ; Valenzuela, Luciano ; Zerbini, Alexandre N. ; Jackson, Jennifer A.
    As species recover from exploitation, continued assessments of connectivity and population structure are warranted to provide information for conservation and management. This is particularly true in species with high dispersal capacity, such as migratory whales, where patterns of connectivity could change rapidly. Here we build on a previous long-term, large-scale collaboration on southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) to combine new (nnew) and published (npub) mitochondrial (mtDNA) and microsatellite genetic data from all major wintering grounds and, uniquely, the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur: SG) feeding grounds. Specifically, we include data from Argentina (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 208/46), Brazil (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 50/50), South Africa (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 66/77, npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 350/47), Chile–Peru (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 1/1), the Indo-Pacific (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 769/126), and SG (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 8/0, nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 3/11) to investigate the position of previously unstudied habitats in the migratory network: Brazil, SG, and Chile–Peru. These new genetic data show connectivity between Brazil and Argentina, exemplified by weak genetic differentiation and the movement of 1 genetically identified individual between the South American grounds. The single sample from Chile–Peru had an mtDNA haplotype previously only observed in the Indo-Pacific and had a nuclear genotype that appeared admixed between the Indo-Pacific and South Atlantic, based on genetic clustering and assignment algorithms. The SG samples were clearly South Atlantic and were more similar to the South American than the South African wintering grounds. This study highlights how international collaborations are critical to provide context for emerging or recovering regions, like the SG feeding ground, as well as those that remain critically endangered, such as Chile–Peru.
  • Article
    True’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon mirus) in Macaronesia
    (PeerJ, 2017-03-07) Aguilar De Soto, Natacha ; Martín, Vidal ; Silva, Monica A. ; Edler, Roland ; Reyes, Cristel ; Carrillo, Manuel ; Schiavi, Agustina ; Morales, Talia ; García-Ovide, Belen ; Sanchez-Mora, Anna ; Garcia-Tavero, Nerea ; Steiner, Lisa ; Scheer, Michael ; Gockel, Roland ; Walker, Dylan ; Villa, Enrico ; Szlama, Petra ; Eriksson, Ida K. ; Tejedor, Marisa ; Perez-Gil, Monica ; Quaresma, João ; Bachara, Wojtek ; Carroll, Emma
    The True’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon mirus, True 1913) is a poorly known member of the Ziphiidae family. Its distribution in the northern hemisphere is thought to be restricted to the temperate or warm temperate waters of the North Atlantic, while a few stranding records from the southern hemisphere suggest a wider and antitropical distribution, extending to waters from the Atlantic coast of Brazil to South Africa, Mozambique, Australia and the Tasman Sea coast of New Zealand. This paper (i) reports the first molecular confirmation of the occurrence of the True’s beaked whale at the southern limit of its distribution recorded in the northeast Atlantic: the Azores and Canary Islands (macaronesian ecoregion); (ii) describes a new colouration for this species using evidence from a whale with molecular species confirmation; and (iii) contributes to the sparse worldwide database of live sightings, including the first underwater video recording of this species and close images of a calf. Species identification was confirmed in two cases using mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b gene markers: a subadult male True’s beaked whale that stranded in El Hierro, Canary Islands, in November 2012, and a subadult male found floating dead near Faial, the Azores, in July 2004. The whale that stranded in the Canary Islands had a clearly delimited white area on its head, extending posteriorly from the tip of the beak to cover the blowhole dorsally and the gular grooves ventrally. This colouration contrasts with previous descriptions for the species and it may be rare, but it exemplifies the variability of the colouration of True’s beaked whales in the North Atlantic, further confirmed here by live sightings data. The recording of several observations of this species in deep but relatively coastal waters off the Azores and the Canary Islands suggests that these archipelagos may be unique locations to study the behaviour of the enigmatic True’s beaked whale.
  • Article
    Have whales returned to a historical hotspot of industrial whaling? the pattern of southern right whale Eubalaena australis recovery at South Georgia
    (Inter Research, 2020-11-05) Jackson, Jennifer A. ; Kennedy, Amy S. ; Moore, Michael J. ; Andriolo, Artur ; Bamford, Connor C. G. ; Calderan, Susannah ; Cheeseman, Ted ; Gittins, George ; Groch, Karina ; Kelly, Natalie ; Leaper, Russell ; Leslie, Matthew S. ; Lurcock, Sarah ; Miller, Brian S. ; Richardson, Jessica ; Rowntree, Victoria ; Smith, Patrick ; Stepien, Emilie N. ; Stowasser, Gabriele ; Trathan, Phil N. ; Vermeulen, Els ; Zerbini, Alexandre N. ; Carroll, Emma
    Around 176500 whales were killed in the sub-Antarctic waters off South Georgia (South Atlantic) between 1904 and 1965. In recent decades, whales have once again become summer visitors, with the southern right whale (SRW) the most commonly reported species until 2011. Here, we assess the distribution, temporal pattern, health status and likely prey of SRWs in these waters, combining observations from a summertime vessel-based expedition to South Georgia, stable isotope data collected from SRWs and putative prey and sightings reports collated by the South Georgia Museum. The expedition used directional acoustics and visual surveys to localise whales and collected skin biopsies and photo-IDs. During 76 h of visual observation effort over 19 expedition days, SRWs were encountered 15 times (~31 individuals). Photo-IDs, combined with publicly contributed images from commercial vessels, were reconciled and quality-controlled to form a catalogue of 6 fully (i.e. both sides) identified SRWs and 26 SRWs identified by either left or right sides. No photo-ID matches were found with lower-latitude calving grounds, but 3 whales had gull lesions supporting a direct link with Península Valdés, Argentina. The isotopic position of SRWs in the South Georgia food web suggests feeding on a combination of copepod and krill species. Opportunistic reports of SRW sightings and associated group sizes remain steady over time, while humpback whales provide a strong contrast, with increased sighting rates and group sizes seen since 2013. These data suggest a plateau in SRWs and an increasing humpback whale presence in South Georgia waters following the cessation of whaling.
  • Article
    Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) return to Cumberland Bay, South Georgia, one century after the peak of whaling
    (Wiley, 2023-08-01) Jackson, Jennifer A. ; Kennedy, Amy S. ; Bamford, Connor C. G. ; Hart, Ian ; Martin, Stephanie ; MacDonald, Darryl ; Moore, Michael M. ; Carroll, Emma L.
    South Georgia island in the sub-Antarctic waters of the South Atlantic is where modern whaling began in Southern Ocean waters in the early twentieth century (Tønnessen & Johnsen, 1982). By 1900, historical and modern whaling had drastically reduced or effectively wiped out some populations of baleen whales across much of the North Atlantic and North Pacific (Clapham & Baker, 2002) and whalers were keen to exploit new seas. Norwegian whaler Captain C. A. Larsen first visited South Georgia island in 1892 while prospecting for new whaling sites. Larsen identified that the abundance of whales made South Georgia a promising site, particularly for whaling of blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and fin (B. physalus) whales (Hart, 2021), and identified the more protected north side of the island, and in particular the wide natural harbor of Cumberland Bay, as the best site for operations (Figure 1). After securing expedition funding, including one whale catcher vessel (the 33.5 m Fortuna), Larsen and his team arrived in South Georgia on November 16, 1904, to set up the Grytviken whaling station in Cumberland Bay.