Payne Richard E.

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Payne

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Richard E.

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The Subduction experiment : cruise report RRS Charles Darwin cruise number 73 subduction 3 mooring deployment and recovery cruise, 30 September-26 October 1992

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1993-03) Trask, Richard P. ; Jenkins, William J. ; Sherman, Jeffrey ; McPhee, Neil M. ; Ostrom, William M. ; Payne, Richard E.

Subduction is the mechanism by which water masses formed in the mixed layer and near the surface of the ocean find their way into the upper thermocline. The subduction process and its underlying mechanisms were studied through a combination of Eulerian and Langrangian measurements of velocity, measurements of tracer distrbutions and hydrographic properties and modeling. An array of five surface moorings carrying meteorological and oceanographic instrumentation were deployed for a period of two years beginning in June 1991 as part of an Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded Subduction experiment. Three eight month deployments were planned. The moorings were deployed at 18°N 34°W, 18°N 22°W, 25.5°N 29°W, 33°N 22°W and 33°N 34°W. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and an Improved Meteorological Recorder (IMET) collected wind speed and wind direction, sea surface temperature, air temperature, short wave radiation, barometric pressure and relative humidity. The IMET also measured precipitation. The moorings were heavily instrumented below the surface with Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM), and single point temperature recorders. Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data were collected and meteorological observations were made while transitting between mooring locations. In addition a series of 59 cm stations were made and water samples taken to be analyzed for tritium levels, salinity and dissolved oxygen content. This report describes the work that took place during RRS Charles Darwin cruise number 73 which was the third scheduled Subduction mooring cruise. During this cruise the second setting of the moorings were recovered and redeployed for a third eight month period. This report includes a description of the instrumentation that was deployed and recovered, has information about the underway measurements (XBT and meteorological observations) that were made including plots of the data, includes a description of the work conducted in conjunction with the tracer/hydrography program and presents a chronology of the cruise events.
Improved meteorological measurements from buoys and ships (IMET) : preliminary comparison of pyranometers

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1989-10) Crescenti, Gennaro H. ; Payne, Richard E. ; Weller, Robert A.

Three different types of pyranometers (two of each) are tested and evaluated. The sensors include the Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP) which meets the World Meteorological Organization (1965) criteria for a first class pyranometer, the Eppley 8-48 Black and White Pyranometer (second class) and the Hollis MR-5 Silicon Photovoltaic Pyranometer (third class).
An improved long-wave radiometer

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2000-12) Anderson, Steven P. ; Payne, Richard E.

This report describes the development of an improved long-wave radiometer (pyrgeometer) for deployment on ships and buoys. Standard pyrgeometers use a thermopile to measure the temperature gradient between the receiver surface and the instrument case, and thus infer the receiver temperature and incident radiation. The key design change employed in the new radiometer is to remove the thermopile and replace it with a small, glass-encapsulated thermistor to measure the receiver temperature directly. To prove the concept, a prototype radiometer was built and calibrated. It was then deployed outside for a period of a week on the roof of the Clark Laboratory (Quissett Campus, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) to demonstrate the feasability of the new concept. Data from the prototype were compared to those from a pair of standard radiometers. The intercomparison shows that the prototype performed surprisingly well. It was able to capture all the variability observed by the standards with only a small bias. The next step in the design process, which has been funded by the National Science Foundation, is to build a rugged version of the prototype that can be deployed in the field.
Calibration history of some Rotronic MP-100 and Vaisala Humicap relative humidity sensors

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1994-09) Payne, Richard E.

An analysis has been made of the calibrations done during 1990 through 1994 on Rotronic MP- 100 relative humidity sensors (used in the Improved METeorological (IMET) system and sensors built at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) with the Vaisala Humicap sensing element (used in the Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR)). The shift from one calibration to the next is, typically, 2-3% RH which represents the major uncertainty in relative humidity with either of these sensors. The direction of each shift appears to be random; thus, there does not appear to be any long-term drifts.
The WHOI Moored Array Project 1963-1978 : data directory and bibliography

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1980-08) Tarbell, Susan A. ; Chaffee, Margaret ; Williams, Audrey ; Payne, Richard E.

General information about mooring locations, durations and data gathered by the Moored Array Project (also known as Buoy Group) between late 1963 and 1978 is listed. Also included is a comprehensive list of scientific and technical publications written by the Buoy Group staff.
Recognizing problems in shipboard logging meteorology systems

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2002-08) Payne, Richard E.

This report is to assist shipboard technicians whose responsibilities are maintaining digital logging meteorological systems. Examples of good and bad data recorded on ships by IMET (Improved METeorology) systems are given, as well as general comments on how various parameters should appear when plotted against time. Parameters included are: wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, short- and long-wave radiation, and precipitation (R. M. Young gauges).
Trials of a new relative humidity sensor

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2004-12) Payne, Richard E.

A new relative humidity and air temperature sensor, the Sensirion Model SHTl, has been thoroughly tested by the Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. One-minute averages from two of the sensors, as well as a Väisälä HMP4SA, were recorded for over a year. A third Sensirion sensor was kept in the laboratory and calibrated at monthly intervals with the other three sensors. The standard deviation of the difference in relative humidity between the Sensirion sensors and the Väisälä was about 2% RH. The difference in air temperature was about 0.2°C. Drift rates in relative humidity for the two Sensirion sensors were 2.7% RH/yr and -0.3% RH/yr, and in air temperature, O.1°C/yr and 0/3°C/yr. Because one of the two Sensirion sensors deployed outside had significant variations in its calibration, the UOP group will not adopt these sensors. However, their very small size, low-cost, and low-power requirements may make them desirable for other uses.
Surface-wave data acquisition and dissemination by VHF packet radio and computer networking

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1988-04) Briscoe, Melbourne G. ; Denton, Elsie ; Frye, Daniel E. ; Hunt, Mary M. ; Montgomery, Ellyn T. ; Payne, Richard E.

Waverider buoy data are normally transmitted on a 27 MHz analog radio link to a shore station a few miles away, where the buoy data are plotted on a paper strip-chart recorder or logged digitally for later computer processing. Instead, we have constructed a relay station on Martha's Vineyard island that retransmits the received Waverider data over a digital, 148 MHz packet-radio link to a personal computer in our laboratory on Cape Cod, where the data are edited, processed, spectrally analyzed, and then sent over an Ethernet line to our Institution mainframe computer for archiving. Telephone modem access of a special wave-data file on the mainframe permits unattended data dissemination to the public. The report describes the entire system, including Waverider buoy mooring hardware, computer programs, and equipment. The purpose of the project was to learn what difficulties are involved in the automated acquisition and dissemination of telemetered oceanographic data, and to gain experience with packet radio techniques. Although secondary to these purposes, the long-term surface-wave monitoring off the southwest shore of Martha's Vineyard has its own scientific, engineering, and environmental benefits.
Atlantis II : cruise 102 : moored and shipboard surface meteorological measurements during JASIN 1978

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1979-12) Briscoe, Melbourne G. ; Alessi, Carol A. ; Payne, Richard E. ; Peal, Kenneth R.

During cruise 102 of the R/V Atlantis-II in the Joint Air-Sea Interaction Project (JASIN), surface meteorological data were gathered by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution personnel from two moored buoys and from the ship. One buoy (JASIN W2/WHOI 651) carried a Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and a Vector Measuring Wind Recorder (VMWR); these instruments provided 18 days of intercomparison data and 38 days of meteorological data from 30 July to 6 September 1978. The other buoy (JASIN H2) carried a VMWR and gave 25 total days of data from 16 July to 10 August, and from 26 August to 1 September. A PET computer, hardwired to sensors positioned on the ship, displayed data that were logged during both legs of the cruise. Manual data were gathered by the science watches. This report describes the PET system, and displays and compares all the data. VAWR hourly meteorological data are listed for the 38 day period. Scientific interpretation of these data, such as calculations of heat fluxes, will be published separately.
Improved meteorological measurements from buoys and ships (IMET) : preliminary comparison of humidity sensors

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1990-05) Crescenti, Gennaro H. ; Payne, Richard E. ; Weller, Robert A.

Humidity sensors using various principles of operation are evaluated for the potential use at sea on buoys and ships. Thin film capacitive polymer sensors include the Vaisala Humicap HMP-14U (with WHOI electronics), Hy-Cal Engineerig Ultra-H (also with WHOI electronics), the new Vaisala HMP-35A, and the Rotronic MP-lOOF. Impedance sensors include the Thunder Scientific PC-2101, Phys-Chem PCRC-ll, and the General Eastern 850. The Hygrometrix 8503A is the only organically based cellulose crystallite sensor evaluated. Chilled mirror dew sensors include the EG&G 200M Dewtrak, which was used as a comparative standard, the General Eastern Dew-lO and the WHOI D10IQ Intelligent Dew Point Sensor. The IR-200 infrared optical hygrometer from Ophir is also included in this study. The performance of the EG&G 200M Dewtrak was quite disappointing. Errors of up to 2.5°C in air temperature were observed due to inadequate shielding from solar radiation.
Improved meteorological measurements from buoys and ships (IMET) : preliminary report on barometric pressure sensors

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1989-12) Payne, Richard E. ; Crescenti, Gennaro H. ; Weller, Robert A.

Stability tests over periods ranging from 3 to 19 months have been carried out on Paroscientific models 215-AT and 760-15A, AIR DB-1A, Rosemount 1201F1B, Setra 270 and Heise 623 electronic barometers. The Paroscientific barometers had the highest accuracy, stability, and price, and the lowest power consumption. The Rosemount 1201FIB had excellent stability but high power consumption as well as price. The AIR DB-1A and Setra 270 have good stability and moderate power consumption and price. The tests are being expanded to include inexpensive sensors.
An all-thermistor pyrgeometer

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2004-12) Payne, Richard E.

The design and testing of an all-thermistor (no thermopile) pyrgeometer (LWT) is descrbed. After calibration by comparison with a Kipp & Zonen CG4, 9.2 months of data show mean differences of order 1-2 W m-2 with standard deviations of order 7-8 W m-2. Approximately half of the mean difference and the standard deviation derived from 40 occasions when the LWT readings were anomalously high for periods of 2-l4 hours, principally at night. No reason has been found for the anomalous behavior. During the 9.2 months, of data, there were also 11 periods of a few hours each when the Eppley PIR indicated noticeably higher flux values than did the Kipp & Zonen CG4. The conclusion reached is that contemporary thermistors allow temperature measurements of suffcient accuracy, and the thermopile can be eliminated from pyrgeometers. The differences seen between the Kipp & Zonen and the Epply raise doubts about their absolute accuracies on time scales of hours, although their long-term averages are quite comparable.
A comparison of buoy meteorological systems

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2002-12) Payne, Richard E. ; Huang, Kelan ; Weller, Robert A. ; Freitag, H. P. ; Cronin, Meghan F. ; McPhaden, Michael J. ; Meinig, Christian ; Kuroda, Yoshifumi ; Ushijima, Norifumi ; Reynolds, R. Michael

During May and June 2000, an intercomparison was made of buoy meteorological systems from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), and the Japanese Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC). Two WHOI systems mounted on a 3 m discus buoy, two PMEL systems mounted on separate buoy tower tops and one JAMSTEC system mounted on a wooden platform were lined parallel to, and 25 m from Nantucket Sound in Massachusetts. All systems used R. M. Young propeller anemometers, Rotronic relative humidity and air temperature sensors and Eppley short-wave radiation sensors. The PMEL and WHOI systems used R. M.Young self-siphoning rain gauges, while the JAMSTEC system used a Scientific Technology ORG-115 optical rain gauge. The PMEL and WHOI systems included an Eppley PIR long-wave sensor, while the JAMSTEC had no longwave sensor. The WHOI system used an AIR DB-1A barometric pressure sensor. PMEL and JAMSTEC systems used Paroscientific Digiquartz sensors. The Geophysical Instruments and Measurements Group (GIM) from Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) installed two Portable Radiation Package (PRP) systems that include Eppley short-wave and long-wave sensors on a platform near the site. It was apparent from the data that for most of the sensors, the correlation between data sets was better than the absolute agreement between them. The conclusions made were that the sensors and associated electronics from the three different laboratories performed comparably.
Performance characteristics of some wind sensors

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1981-12) Payne, Richard E.

Summaries of performance data on three wind recorder sensor sets are presented a W.H.O.I.-built vane and cup set mounted on a vector averaging current meter (VAWR), a set of standard orthogonal propellers from the vector measuring current meter (VMWR), and an R. M. Young Company utility cup and vane set (Gill). Data were recorded in a wind tunnel and on a dock. Cup or propeller distance constants were 14.5 m (VAWR), 11m (VMWR), and 3.5 m {Gill). The VMWR propeller distance constant varied little with azimuth. The VPWR cups had the least sensitivity to tilt, less than 5% at 30° compared to 5% and 10% at 20° for the Gill and VMWR. The Gill and VAWR vanes had delay constants of 1.4 m and 2.6 m, damping factors of .67 and .58, and natural wavelengths of 5.9 m and 10 m, respectively, with some doubt of the VPWR vane figures due to experimental uncertainties. That the Gill cups had the least overspeeding was apparent even in the vector averaged wind speeds from the dock intercomparisons. In general, the Gill set is capable of recording vector averaged winds on a buoy more accurately than the VAWR or VMWR set although it is not as rugged mechanically.
Accuracy of temperature measurements with the VACM

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1976-10) Payne, Richard E. ; Bradshaw, Alvin L. ; Dean, Jerome P. ; Schleicher, Karl E.

For the past five years the Buoy Group at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has included temperature as one of the variables recorded in its current meters. These measurements began with the first successful deployments of Vector Averaging Current Meters (VACMs) in 1971. Circuitry designed for making highly accurate temperature measurements has been included in all the Buoy Project's VACMs. During the past year we have begun to add similar circuitry to the EG&G 850 current meters. This report is intended to describe what we have learned about making water temperature measurements with VACMs.
Tropic heat MR meteorological data (April 1984 - June 1985)

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1987-11) Payne, Richard E.

This report presents meteorological data recorded by the MR on the three deployments of Tropic Heat moorings, within 1.5 degrees north and south of the equator at approximately 134°W and 140°W. Parameters recorded included vector averaged wind speed and direction, air and sea temperatures, insolation, barometric pressure, and relative humidity although not all parameters were recorded on all deployments . The deployments were all nominally six months . Data recovery was poor because of instrument and mooring failures.
Improved meteorological measurements from buoys and ships (IMET) : preliminary comparison of solar radiation air temperature shields

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1989-10) Crescenti, Gennaro H. ; Payne, Richard E. ; Weller, Robert A.

Several different types of solar radiation air temperature shields are evaluated for use at sea on ships and buoys. They include three types of static or Thaller shields, two vane oriented shields, and two fan ventilated shields. A preliminary data analysis is presented and discussed.
SEQUAL meteorological data from moorings S2, S5 and S6 (March 1983 - March 1985)

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1987-07) Payne, Richard E.

This report presents meteorological data from three deployments of SEQUAL moorings SS and S6 (nominal positions 0°N, 24°W and 0°N, 15°W) and also from a post SEQUAL deployment at SEQUAL mooring site S2 at 0°N, 28°W. Parameters recorded include vector averaged wind speed and direction, air and sea surface temperatures, insolation, barometric pressure and relative humidity although not all parameters were recorded on all deployments. All deployments were nominally six months.
Design and validation of a modified Eppley PSP pyranometer

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1994-11) Payne, Richard E.

A modified version of the Eppley PSP pyranometer has been designed for use on ships and moored buoys. Seventeen have been built by the Eppley Laboratory for the Upper Ocean Processes Group and deployed on buoys in the deep ocean. Six others have been incorporated into IMET systems mounted on U.S. research ships. A comparison study between four Improved METeorology (IMET) PSPs and one standard PSP shows that the two are completely equivalent in performance. The IMET PSP is more corrosion resistant, compact, robust, and is easier to mate to electronics modules. It is available from the Eppley Laboratory for about the same price as the standard PSP.
Air temperature shield tests

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1987-10) Payne, Richard E.

Measurements were made with ,a group of sensors for 37 days at the end of a dock in Vineyard sound. The sensors included: a thermistor in an R. M. Young aspirated air temperature radiation shield, a thermistor in an R. M. Young multiplate shield, wind speed and direction, and solar irradiance. For the last eight days we also included a WHOI built cylindrical radiation shield. For wind speeds above 2m s-1 , the multiplate shield had an RMS error relative to the aspirated shield of 0.2-0.3 c during daylight hours. Adding a correction linear in solar irradiance decreased the error by a factor of one third to one half. The cylindrical shield appears to have performed better than this but there was insufficient data to support this conclusion statistically.

Payne Richard E.

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