Amend
Anthony
Amend
Anthony
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ArticleFungi in the Marine Environment: Open Questions and Unsolved Problems(American Society for Microbiology, 2019-03-05) Amend, Anthony ; Burgaud, Gaëtan ; Cunliffe, Michael ; Edgcomb, Virginia P. ; Ettinger, Cassandra L. ; Gutiérrez, M. H. ; Heitman, Joseph ; Hom, Erik F. Y. ; Ianiri, Giuseppe ; Jones, Adam C. ; Kagami, Maiko ; Picard, Kathryn T. ; Quandt, C. Alisha ; Raghukumar, Seshagiri ; Riquelme, Mertixell ; Stajich, Jason ; Vargas-Muñiz, José ; Walker, Allison K. ; Yarden, Oded ; Gladfelter, Amy S.Terrestrial fungi play critical roles in nutrient cycling and food webs and can shape macroorganism communities as parasites and mutualists. Although estimates for the number of fungal species on the planet range from 1.5 to over 5 million, likely fewer than 10% of fungi have been identified so far. To date, a relatively small percentage of described species are associated with marine environments, with ∼1,100 species retrieved exclusively from the marine environment. Nevertheless, fungi have been found in nearly every marine habitat explored, from the surface of the ocean to kilometers below ocean sediments. Fungi are hypothesized to contribute to phytoplankton population cycles and the biological carbon pump and are active in the chemistry of marine sediments. Many fungi have been identified as commensals or pathogens of marine animals (e.g., corals and sponges), plants, and algae. Despite their varied roles, remarkably little is known about the diversity of this major branch of eukaryotic life in marine ecosystems or their ecological functions. This perspective emerges from a Marine Fungi Workshop held in May 2018 at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. We present the state of knowledge as well as the multitude of open questions regarding the diversity and function of fungi in the marine biosphere and geochemical cycles.
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ArticlePlanktonic marine fungi: A review(American Geophysical Union, 2024-03-03) Peng, Xuefeng ; Amend, Anthony S. ; Baltar, Federico ; Blanco-Bercial, Leocadio ; Breyer, Eva ; Burgaud, Gaetan ; Cunliffe, Michael ; Edgcomb, Virginia P. ; Grossart, Hans-Peter ; Mara, Paraskevi ; Masigol, Hossein ; Pang, Ka-Lai ; Retter, Alice ; Roberts, Cordelia ; van Bleijswijk, Judith ; Walker, Allison K. ; Whitner, SyrenaFungi in marine ecosystems play crucial roles as saprotrophs, parasites, and pathogens. The definition of marine fungi has evolved over the past century. Currently, “marine fungi” are defined as any fungi recovered repeatedly from marine habitats that are able to grow and/or sporulate in marine environments, form symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms, adapt and evolve at the genetic level, or are active metabolically in marine environments. While there are a number of recent reviews synthesizing our knowledge derived from over a century of research on marine fungi, this review article focuses on the state of knowledge on planktonic marine fungi from the coastal and open ocean, defined as fungi that are in suspension or attached to particles, substrates or in association with hosts in the pelagic zone of the ocean, and their roles in remineralization of organic matter and major biogeochemical cycles. This review differs from previous ones by focusing on biogeochemical impacts of planktonic marine fungi and methodological considerations for investigating their diversity and ecological functions. Importantly, we point out gaps in our knowledge and the potential methodological biases that might have contributed to these gaps. Finally, we highlight recommendations that will facilitate future studies of marine fungi. This article first provides a brief overview of the diversity of planktonic marine fungi, followed by a discussion of the biogeochemical impacts of planktonic marine fungi, and a wide range of methods that can be used to study marine fungi.