Pascal Robin W.

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Pascal
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Robin W.
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  • Article
    Sensors for physical fluxes at the sea surface : energy, heat, water, salt
    (Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union, 2008-12-10) Weller, Robert A. ; Bradley, E. F. ; Edson, James B. ; Fairall, Christopher W. ; Brooks, Ian M. ; Yelland, Margaret J. ; Pascal, Robin W.
    The current status of meteorological sensors used aboard ships and buoys to measure the air-sea fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater is reviewed. Methods of flux measurement by the bulk aerodynamic, inertial dissipation and eddy-correlation methods are considered; and areas are identified where improvements are needed in measurement of the basic variables. In some cases, what is required is the transition from emergent to operational technology, in others new technologies are needed. Uncertainties in measured winds caused by flow distortion over the ship are discussed; and the possible role of computational fluid mechanics models to obtain corrections is considered. Basic studies are also needed on the influence of waves and rain on the fluxes. The issues involved in the specification of sea surface temperature are described, and the relative merits of the available sensors are discussed. The improved capability of buoy-mounted systems will depend on the emergence of low-power instruments, and/or new means of increasing the available power capacity. Other issues covered include the continuing uncertainty about the performance of rain gauges and short-wave radiometers. Also, the requirements for new instruments to extend the range of observations to extreme wind conditions are outlined, and the latest developments in the measurement of aerosol fluxes by eddy-correlation are presented.
  • Article
    Supplement to physical exchanges at the air–sea interface : UK–SOLAS field measurements
    (American Meteorological Society, 2009-05) Brooks, Ian M. ; Yelland, Margaret J. ; Upstill-Goddard, Robert C. ; Nightingale, Philip D. ; Archer, Stephen D. ; D'Asaro, Eric A. ; Beale, Rachael ; Beatty, Cory ; Blomquist, Byron ; Bloom, A. Anthony ; Brooks, Barbara J. ; Cluderay, John ; Coles, David ; Dacey, John W. H. ; DeGrandpre, Michael D. ; Dixon, Jo ; Drennan, William M. ; Gabriele, Joseph ; Goldson, Laura E. ; Hardman-Mountford, Nick ; Hill, Martin K. ; Horn, Matt ; Hsueh, Ping-Chang ; Huebert, Barry ; De Leeuw, Gerrit ; Leighton, Timothy G. ; Liddicoat, Malcolm ; Lingard, Justin J. N. ; McNeil, Craig L. ; McQuaid, James B. ; Moat, Bengamin I. ; Moore, Gerald ; Neill, Craig L. ; Norris, Sarah J. ; O'Doherty, Simon ; Pascal, Robin W. ; Prytherch, John ; Rebozo, Mike ; Sahlee, Erik ; Salter, Matt ; Schuster, Ute ; Skjelvan, Ingunn ; Slagter, Hans ; Smith, Michael H. ; Smith, Paul D. ; Srokosz, Meric ; Stephens, John A. ; Taylor, Peter K. ; Telszewski, Maciej ; Walsh, Roisin ; Ward, Brian ; Woolf, David K. ; Young, Dickon ; Zemmelink, Hendrik J.
  • Article
    Physical exchanges at the air–sea interface : UK–SOLAS field measurements
    (American Meteorological Society, 2009-05) Brooks, Ian M. ; Bloom, A. Anthony ; Brooks, Barbara J. ; Lingard, Justin J. N. ; McQuaid, James B. ; Norris, Sarah J. ; Smith, Michael H. ; Smith, Paul D. ; Yelland, Margaret J. ; Moat, Bengamin I. ; Pascal, Robin W. ; Prytherch, John ; Srokosz, Meric ; Taylor, Peter K. ; Upstill-Goddard, Robert C. ; Salter, Matt ; Nightingale, Philip D. ; Archer, Stephen D. ; Beale, Rachael ; Dixon, Jo ; Goldson, Laura E. ; Hardman-Mountford, Nick ; Liddicoat, Malcolm ; Moore, Gerald ; Stephens, John A. ; D'Asaro, Eric A. ; McNeil, Craig L. ; Beatty, Cory ; DeGrandpre, Michael D. ; Blomquist, Byron ; Huebert, Barry ; Cluderay, John ; Zemmelink, Hendrik J. ; Coles, David ; Hsueh, Ping-Chang ; Leighton, Timothy G. ; Dacey, John W. H. ; Drennan, William M. ; Rebozo, Mike ; Sahlee, Erik ; Gabriele, Joseph ; Hill, Martin K. ; Horn, Matt ; De Leeuw, Gerrit ; Neill, Craig ; Skjelvan, Ingunn ; O'Doherty, Simon ; Walsh, Roisin ; Young, Dickon ; Schuster, Ute ; Telszewski, Maciej ; Slagter, Hans ; Ward, Brian ; Woolf, David K.
    As part of the U.K. contribution to the international Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study, a series of three related projects—DOGEE, SEASAW, and HiWASE—undertook experimental studies of the processes controlling the physical exchange of gases and sea spray aerosol at the sea surface. The studies share a common goal: to reduce the high degree of uncertainty in current parameterization schemes. The wide variety of measurements made during the studies, which incorporated tracer and surfactant release experiments, included direct eddy correlation fluxes, detailed wave spectra, wind history, photographic retrievals of whitecap fraction, aerosol-size spectra and composition, surfactant concentration, and bubble populations in the ocean mixed layer. Measurements were made during three cruises in the northeast Atlantic on the RRS Discovery during 2006 and 2007; a fourth campaign has been making continuous measurements on the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront since September 2006. This paper provides an overview of the three projects and some of the highlights of the measurement campaigns.