Natale Frank

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Natale
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Frank
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  • Article
    The mutual interplay between calcification and coccolithovirus infection
    (Wiley, 2018-07-24) Johns, Christopher T. ; Grubb, Austin R. ; Nissimov, Jozef I. ; Natale, Frank ; Knapp, Viki ; Mui, Alwin ; Fredricks, Helen F. ; Van Mooy, Benjamin A. S. ; Bidle, Kay D.
    Two prominent characteristics of marine coccolithophores are their secretion of coccoliths and their susceptibility to infection by coccolithoviruses (EhVs), both of which display variation among cells in culture and in natural populations. We examined the impact of calcification on infection by challenging a variety of Emiliania huxleyi strains at different calcification states with EhVs of different virulence. Reduced cellular calcification was associated with increased infection and EhV production, even though calcified cells and associated coccoliths had significantly higher adsorption coefficients than non‐calcified (naked) cells. Sialic acid glycosphingolipids, molecules thought to mediate EhV infection, were generally more abundant in calcified cells and enriched in purified, sorted coccoliths, suggesting a biochemical link between calcification and adsorption rates. In turn, viable EhVs impacted cellular calcification absent of lysis by inducing dramatic shifts in optical side scatter signals and a massive release of detached coccoliths in a subpopulation of cells, which could be triggered by resuspension of healthy, calcified host cells in an EhV‐free, ‘induced media’. Our findings show that calcification is a key component of the E. huxleyi‐EhV arms race and an aspect that is critical both to the modelling of these host–virus interactions in the ocean and interpreting their impact on the global carbon cycle.
  • Article
    Seasonal mixed layer depth shapes phytoplankton physiology, viral production, and accumulation in the North Atlantic
    (Nature Research, 2021-11-17) Diaz, Ben P. ; Knowles, Benjamin ; Johns, Christopher T. ; Laber, Christien P. ; Bondoc, Karen Grace V. ; Haramaty, Liti ; Natale, Frank ; Harvey, Elizabeth L. ; Kramer, Sasha J. ; Bolaños, Luis M. ; Lowenstein, Daniel P. ; Fredricks, Helen F. ; Graff, Jason R. ; Westberry, Toby K. ; Mojica, Kristina D. A. ; Haëntjens, Nils ; Baetge, Nicholas ; Gaube, Peter ; Boss, Emmanuel S. ; Carlson, Craig A. ; Behrenfeld, Michael J. ; Van Mooy, Benjamin A. S. ; Bidle, Kay D.
    Seasonal shifts in phytoplankton accumulation and loss largely follow changes in mixed layer depth, but the impact of mixed layer depth on cell physiology remains unexplored. Here, we investigate the physiological state of phytoplankton populations associated with distinct bloom phases and mixing regimes in the North Atlantic. Stratification and deep mixing alter community physiology and viral production, effectively shaping accumulation rates. Communities in relatively deep, early-spring mixed layers are characterized by low levels of stress and high accumulation rates, while those in the recently shallowed mixed layers in late-spring have high levels of oxidative stress. Prolonged stratification into early autumn manifests in negative accumulation rates, along with pronounced signatures of compromised membranes, death-related protease activity, virus production, nutrient drawdown, and lipid markers indicative of nutrient stress. Positive accumulation renews during mixed layer deepening with transition into winter, concomitant with enhanced nutrient supply and lessened viral pressure.