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Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1967

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1968-02) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

This is a status report for the period 1 May to 31 October 1967 for Contract Nonr-4029(00) with the Office of Naval Research. Investigations of this contract include oceanic acoustics, physical oceanography, sea floor properties, and advisory activities. Acoustic, geophysical, and oceanographic cruises by R/V ATLANTIS II, GOSNOLD, ALVIN, and LULU in the North Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea are described. Continuing analyses of acoustical and geophysical data are discussed; papers, reports and technical memoranda written during this period are listed.
Sonar research conducted during the period 1 April - 30 June 1961

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1961-08) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

This is a progress report of the Institution's research between April and 30 June 1961 supported under Contract NObsr-72521 with the Bureau of Ships, Navy Department. The program consists of studies of compressional wave transmission (sound and seismic waves) through sea water and the underlying earth's crust, the ambient noise of the ocean, and the scattering of sound in the sea and beneath the ocean floor. During the present reporting period sound transmission studies have included laboratory analysis of data taken previously in a continuing program directed toward describing near-surface transmission into the shadow zone, and toward accounting for the variability of near-surface . transmission under nominally "good" sonar conditions . Seismic studies consisted of analysis of seismic refraction data taken two years ago in: the Mediterranean, completion of a report of a seismic reflection study of the southern part of Narragansett Bay, extension of this latter study into Rhode Island Sound, and a series of new measurements of the apparent reflectivity of the bottom at 12 kcps. In the sound-scattering program we accepted delivery of a small towed fish containing sound gear for scattering experiments over near-horizontal paths. This instrument was taken to sea on CHAIN for initial testing and self-noise measurements. A series of tests of new sound sources, supported under Contract Nonr-1367, have demonstrated that seismic reflection observations can be made in deep ocean basins from a ship underway slowly using only such electrically-powered sources as Thumper or Sparker. Sub-bottom structures have been mapped in fine detail experimentally in water over 2600 fathoms deep. This work was done with a Thumper having a 5000-joule electrical input . Plans have been made for increasing the electrical input of Thumper to about 13, 000 joules and Sparker to 25, 000 joules. We plan to use these new sound sources in sound transmission experiments this summer and fall in the Mediterranean Sea. As an extra-curricular hobby Miss Broughton, a technical assistant at the Institution, made interesting magnetic tape recordings of the sounds of a small pilot whale stranded on a local beach. She held microphones on the whale's head near the blow hole. The recorded sounds are rather different from those heard through the water near pilot whales. These and other parts of our work are detailed below.
Marine fouling and its prevention ; prepared for Bureau of Ships, Navy Dept.

(United States Naval Institute, 1952) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ; United States. Navy Dept. Bureau of Ships

From the Preface: This monograph is the outcome of investigations made by the staff of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the Bureau of Ships, Navy Department, during the years 1940-1946. Although rapid progress in the improvement of antifouling paints was being made by the Navy paint laboratories at the time the work was initiated, it was the belief of the Bureau that scientific knowledge of the fouling process, and of the way in which protective coatings acted, was inadequate. We were consequently instructed to explore the fundamental basis on which preventive techniques must rest, rather than to attempt directly to improve existing paint formulations. At the same time every opportunity was afforded to our staff to become familiar with current problems and the means being employed to solve them. On the termination of the work it has seemed desirable to collect the results of our experience and to review them in relation to the total existing knowledge of the subject.
Report on a survey of the hydrography of Great South Bay made during the summer of 1950 for the Town of Islip, N.Y.

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1951-01) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Between July 25 and August 7, 1950 the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted a survey of Great South Bay. The purpose of this study was to attempt to determine the cause of the almost complete cessation of the once prosperous oyster industry. Statistics show that the seed oyster production of the bay declined steadily for ten years prior to 1935 and has subsequently been negligible. The yield of market oysters fell from a maximum of 350,000 bushels in 1929 to 60,000 in 1944 and is now non-existent. Systematic records kept by the oyster companies, notably Bluepoints and Van der Borgh and Sons, provide strong evidence that the failure of oysters to fatten and grow properly is associated with the periodic occurrence in the bay of luxuriant "blooms" of microscopic plants which they have named "small forms" because of their minute size and difficulty of identification. This view is supported by experiments conducted by V. L. Loosanoff and J. B. Engle of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service who report that oysters stop feeding in the presence of heavy concentrations of algae. The problem which the investigators were asked to examine was whether evidence could be found that the circulation of water in Great South Bay has altered in such a way as to account for the failure of the oyster industry or whether abnormal chemical conditions arising from pollution or otherwise might provide an alternate or supplementary explanation of the difficulty. The frequent changes in the inlets cutting the beach and particularly the apparent restriction of Fire Island Inlet and the new opening of Moriches Inlet in 1931 suggest that changes in the circulation of water have taken place and have led to various proposals for modifying or supplementing these openings. On the other hand, the duck farms along the tributaries of Bellport and Moriches Bays have increased production substantially during the past twenty years and it has been suspected that pollution resulting from these farms may have provided conditions favorable to the growth of the small form and have thus been responsible for the failure of plantings of market oysters. An examination of records kept by the Coast and Geodetic Survey indicate that the tidal circulation of the bay has been reduced over the years. The change occurred prior to 1930 and thus preceded the decline in oyster production. The results of a survey of the salinity and tidal movement made in 1907-08 for the New York City Water Supply Board, when compared with information obtained last summer, indicate that the change in conditions has been small except in the eastern extremity of the bay. There a most important alteration has taken place. Whereas in 1908 Bellport Bay was relatively fresh, having only 1/3 the salinity of sea water, it now contains about twice as much salt as formerly. This change undoubtedly results from the opening of Moriches Inlet which permits salt water to flow with the rising tide into Bellport Bay from Moriches Bay and Inlet. The opinion is widely held that relatively brackish water is favorable to the production of seed oysters. It is believed, consequently, that the opening of Moriches Inlet may be responsible tor the failure of the seed oyster industry which was formerly centered in Bellport Bay. However, in the greater part of Great South Bay, where formerly market oysters were planted, the change in circulation does not appear to be sufficient to account for the failure of oysters to fatten properly. The results of the chemical studies indicate that the bay water is unusually rich in the products of decomposing organic matter. These materials appear to originate in the tributaries of Moriches Bay and the Carmans River from where they are carried westward across Great South Bay and provide nutriment for the growth of the great population of microscopic plants. These observations point strongly to the duck farms as the source of abnormal conditions in the bay. The survey has thus revealed two conditions which in combination appear to be responsible for the unfavorable conditions affecting the oyster industry. One is the pollution of the bay by wastes from the duck farms which provides nourishment for the great population of microscopic plants, which appear each summer; the other is the local change in circulation occasioned by the opening of Moriches Inlet which has increased the salinity of Bellport Bay. In considering remedial measures both these conditions should be taken into account. Since the state of pollution depends on the balance between the rate at which pollutants are added and their removal by the circulation of water, the conditions might be improved by enlarging the inlets or cutting new openings designed to increase the flushing of the bay. To be effective these engineering works would be prohibitively expensive and their effectiveness and permanence would be uncertain. In addition, they would not restore the low salinity of the eastern end of Great South Bay which appears to favor seed oyster production. A second alternative is to reduce the pollution at its source by preventing the wastes from the duck farms from reaching the water. The manure might become a valuable by-product of the farms if procedures were developed for using it for fertilizer. Even it such procedures did not yield a profit, they might at least pay the costs of preventing pollution. While this expedient might be expected to improve the conditions in the bay as a whole and thus might lead to a restoration of market oyster production, it would not restore the low salinity of Bellport Bay, on which the seed oyster production supposedly depended, unless Moriches Inlet were to be permanently closed. It this were done, the conditions in Great South Bay might be expected to be restored to very nearly those obtaining prior to 1930. A third alternative, which has much to commend it, is to prevent the exchange of water between Great South Bay and Moriches Bay. If this were accomplished the wastes from most of the duck farms would be prevented from reaching Great south Bay. In addition, the waters of Bellport Bay might be expected to become much fresher and the conditions would favor the restoration of seed oyster production in that area. Inasmuch as it is now proposed to bridge the narrows at Smith Point to provide a roadway to Great South Beach, it is suggested that at reasonable additional expense the opening might be filled completely except for a lock for the passage of boats along the intercoastal waterway. Such construction would eliminate, or place under control, the movement of water between the bays and should lead toward a restoration of the conditions required for the production of both market and seed oysters. While this method of improving the conditions, appears to be the most practical one, it should be realized that it would require either the maintenance of Moriches Inlet as an effective opening or the correction of the pollution of Moriches Bay, since otherwise the isolation of Moriches Bay from the ocean would lead to intolerable conditions.
Summary of investigations conducted in 1967 : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1968) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

This collection of brief "summaries of investigations" has been prepared by the members of the research staff of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and this volume is a continuation of our early traditions. For the first decade or so reports of progress by individual investigators were included as an appendix to each annual report. There were only fourteen such summaries occupying less than seven pages in the 1931 Annual Report; there were but thirteen persons on the research staff at that time. With the expansion of the Institution during the World War II years it became impractical to include a comprehensive report of progress for each investigator, but the Annual Reports did continue to describe very briefly the work being done by each. With the continued expansion of the Institution the printed annual report has become more and more impersonal and the lack of a comprehensive summary of current investigations has been apparent to all. The Collected Reprints of the Institution have continued to provide a record of the scientific results obtained by our staff members, but publication delays make these at least a year out-of-date before they appear. This report is the sixth in the series of Summaries of Investigations. They are similar in style to the reports of progress included as appendices to earlier Annual Reports and a limited number of copies is available. This collection of summaries is intended not only to supplement the limited information about the scientific investigations included in the Annual Report for 1967, but also to let our friends and associates know what each individual staff member is currently studying. These summaries have been reviewed by the department chairmen but typed, insofar as possible, without editorial change, adhering strictly to the original manuscript in most cases.
Signals, Underwater Sound (SUS), Description, Operation and Handling Instructions, NAVAIR 11-1-107

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1971-09-15) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

This collection includes scientific instruments and equipment and instrument manuals, catalogs, and other material that are being maintained in conjunction with the collection of oceanographic instruments and equipment presently stored in the Falmouth Technology Park offsite storage facility. Also included in the collection are a video and photographs of a traveling exhibit by the U.S. Navy on historical oceanographic instruments, The Briny Deep Discovered, that included a number of instruments loaned to the Navy by WHOI. The exhibit made its final stop at WHOI to coincide with the Institution's 75th Anniversary, and was located in the lobby of the Clark building. This collection includes scientific equipment and instrument manuals, catalogs, reports, designs, drawings and other material. List of Series: Subject Files Equipment Manuals U.S. Navy Historical Instrument Exhibit WHOI Historical Instrument collection Instrument Development Photographs Oversized Design Drawings
Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research conducted during the period 1 May 1961-31 October 1961

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1962-09) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

This is a status report for the six-month's period indicated. It includes the closing phase of a long cruise of CHAIN to the Mediterranean Sea during which circulation of the waters of the eastern Mediterranean were studied and sound transmission, seismic reflection, and shallow thermal structure measurements were made at various places in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic. During the remainder of the period various geophysical, geological, and hydroacoustical analyses were conducted at Woods Hole and preparations for the summer cruising season were made.
Deep submergence research conducted during the period 1 November 1962-31 December 1963

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1964-02) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

Deep Submergence Research 1 November 1962 - 31 December 1963 During the above period the Deep Submergence Research program at Woods Hole oceanographic Institution has centered around the procurement of ALVIN, a two man submersible designed for a 6,000 foot depth, and the necessary adjuncts to the same. The progress of the design and construction of this craft is given with emphasis on the testing and inspection rather than engineering details. An outline of the acceptance testing planned for the completed vehicle is included. The instrument system to be used with the vehicle is discussed, as is the necessary support equipment. Reports on model tests preformed during this time, including a collapse test of a one-sixteenth scal model of the ALUMINAUT, are referenced but not discussed in detail.
Saving the North Atlantic Right Whale

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2019) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

The North Atlantic right whale is one of the most endangered whales in the world. Only about 411 remain. This report from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) examines the top three threats facing the North Atlantic right whale and explores actions being taken by the scientific community and concerned organizations to ensure the long-term survival of this critically endangered species.
Sonar research conducted during the period 1 January - 31 March 1961

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1961-04) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

This is a report of activities supported under Contract NObsr-72521 for the period 1 January through 31 March 1961. It also contains mention of other reports, papers, and undertakings of the submarine geophysics group (listed under "Personnel") which are believed to be of interest to the Bureau of Ships. During this period no cruises have been supported directly under this contract. Eight members of the group under the leadership of Dr. Voorhis have participated in a cruise of CHAIN to the Romanche Trench. Their principal objective was to determine the sill depth which controls the exchange of deep, cold water ,between the western and eastern sides of the Atlantic Ocean. This sill was previously identified from hydrographic evidence to lie somewhat east of the Romanche Trench. A second objective was to continue the observations of temperature structure near the sea's surface with the thermistor chain. Another group, under Mr. Baxter's leadership, continued a sound transmission study in the Bermuda area in support of Project ARTEMIS. A third group, under Dr. Hays's direction, commenced a finely detailed bathymetric survey of an area of special interest to Project ARTEMIS. In all three of these studies we are making use of one or more experimental techniques in the use of sonobuoys, underwater acoustic navigation for submerged instruments, and sound coherence studies which are planned for use eventually in sound transmission and bottom reflection research under this contract.
Abstracts with program : second International Conference on Paleoceanography, Woods Hole, 6-13 September, 1986

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1986) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Deep submergence research conducted during the period 16 June 1961 through 31 December 1973

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1974-08) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

This report provides a brief overview of over 12 years of development and operations of the Deep Research Vehicle ALVIN and its support system. Conclusions regarding the usefulness of the work and recommendations regarding its continuance are made.
Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research conducted during the period 1 May 1961-31 October 1961

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1962-03) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

Research during this six month period was performed during cruises of the CHAIN to the Romanche Trench, to the Puerto Rico Trench, and to the Mediterranean Sea, and during a cruise of the BEAR to the Gulf of Maine. New instrumentation aboard the CHAIN included the 12, 000 joule Boomer and a 25, 000 joule Sparker for continuous Seismic reflection profiles and other research in hydroacoustics. A semiautomatic data recording system for shipboard use was in.stalled and operated by IBM and, to facilitate launching and retrieving deep gear, a closed circuit television system was used . Also the navigational system, GEON, was installed and tested. Prior to the cruises of the summer and fall redesign and refinement of the instrumentation and equipment entailed overhaul of the thermistor chain and contouring temperature recorder, modification of the heat probe for thermal gradient measurements to lessen lowering time, and improvement of the inverted echo-sounding equipment. Research at sea included collecting samples of rock and sediment and photographing the ocean floor in support of research into the structure and dynamics of the Romanche and Puerto Rico Trenches and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , observing internal waves in the North Atlantic studying water circulation in the Mediterranean, the dynamics of flow through the Strait of Gibraltar (concentrating this year on internal waves there), observing the behavior and measuring the sound scattering properties of deep scattering layers in the Mediterranean, measuring heat flow from the inner Earth across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and in the western Mediterranean, and studying the relationship between sound transmission and the physical properties of the water and sea floor in the eastern Mediterranean. At Woods Hole various analysis programs progressed. Several of these used programs of digital computing which have been prepared lately at Woods Hole. The precision time source for remote control reported earlier was improved and tested ashore. A tape recording system for Scuba divers was devised and tested satisfactorily in thirty feet of water.
Gravity investigations : August 1 - October 31, 1959

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1959-11) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

Pendulum Program: During subject period Dr. Rose completed the rebuilding of the recording system for the pendulum so that visual records could be obtained with a standard oscillograph type camera. The first teat runs with this equipment showed that the accuracy of observataion was materially improved in that the period could be read with greater precision than was obtainable with the Berkeley counter direct read out system. A field run was made the last of October, which included observations at the following sites: Madison, Wisconsin Washington, D. C. Charleston, S. C. Key West, Florida Lamont Geological Observatory, N. Y. Otta, Canada Measurements were taken on a repeat basis on the return leg at each site and the reliability on the basis of a statistical analysis of the results was approximately 0.1 mgal.
Understanding Sea Level Rise: An in-depth look at three factors contributing to sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast and how scientists are studying the phenomenon

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2019) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

Sea levels in many areas across the global ocean are rising. Based on early measurements, we know that modern rates of global sea level rise began sometime between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the turn of the 20th century, the seas have risen between six and eight inches globally. New technologies, along with a better understanding of how the oceans, ice sheets, and other components of the climate system interact, have helped scientists identify the factors that contribute to sea level rise.
Report to the Towns of Brookhaven and Islip, N.Y. on the hydrography of Great South Bay and Moriches Bay

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1952-04) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ; Redfield, Alfred C.

During the summer of 1950, The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted a study of the waters of Great South Bay for the Town of Islip, New York, with a view to seeking the cause of the decline of the oyster industry, which has deteriorated steadily during the past twenty years. The report of these studies was submitted in January 1951. The survey revealed two conditions which in combination appeared to be unfavorable to the oyster industry. One unfavorable condition was the local change in circulation occasioned by the opening of Moriches Inlet in 1931, which had increased the salinity of Bellport Bay, creating a condition which might well be detrimental to the production of seed oysters. Aside from this, it was concluded that little change had taken place in the salinity and tidal exchange of the central and western part of the bay during the past twenty years. The second unfavorable condition was the pollution of Great South Bay by wastes from the duck farms located along the Carmans River and the tributaries of Moriches Bay. Chemical studies indicated that the bay water is unusually rich in the products of decomposing organic matter. These materials appeared to arise from the mouth of the Carmans River and the tributaries of Moriches Bay, from which they are carried westward across Great South Bay. They provide nutriment for the growth of an unusually dense population of microscopic plants. Evidence existed that oysters do not feed properly on water containing such large concentrations of plant cells, and available statistics showed a clear correlation over a period of years between the condition of bay oysters and the numbers of plant cells in the water. Finally, the decline in oyster production has been closely paralleled by the growth of the duck industry, which increased fourfold during the period. In the report on the survey of 1950, it was pointed out that a number of questions had been revealed which were not anticipated when the field work was in progress and that these questions merited additional study. One of these related to the behavior of uric acid, the peculiar form in which birds secrete nitrogenous wastes, which promised to provide unambiguous evidence on whether the duck farms are the source of pollution. Another was the more detailed study of the circulation of Moriches Bay and its connection with Great South Bay through Narrow Bay, since this appeared to be the principal avenue of the pollution of Great South Bay. Finally, more detailed information was desired concerning the actual quantities of pollutants arising from the duck farms and of the alterations of its components by biological and other action upon introduction into the bay water. Before these additional studies could be undertaken, the problem acquired a new aspect be cause of the spontaneous closure of Moriches Inlet which occurred on May 15, 1951. While this terminated any possibility of increasing knowledge of the circulation between the bays as it previously existed, it afforded an opportunity to observe the effect of the opening on the condition of the bay waters. This information was of prime importance in view of the proposal to reopen and stabilize Moriches Inlet. Field parties visited the region on three occasions during the sumer. On July 12-14, 1951, a survey was made of the entire system of bays lying between the western extremity of Great South Bay and the Shintecock Canal. Between July 27 and August 5, studies were made of the chemical conditions in Moriches Bay and its approaches, and a detailed examination was carried out on the immediate conditions associated with the duck farms along the Terrell River. On September 24-29, an attempt was made to measure the exchange of water and associated pollutants between Moriches Bay and Great South Bay, and through the Quantuck Canal. On this occasion continuous observations were made at Smith Point and Beach Lane Bridge for a period of fifty hours, including four complete tidal cycles.
Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1964

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965-03) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

Geophysical investigations were carried out aboard R /V CHAIN in the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the North Atlantic Ocean. Observations underway were continuous seismic profiling, gravity, magnetic, and echo sounding measurements. At stations rocks were dredged, cores were taken (about 10 meters long, photographic montages of the sea floor were made, and the sound velocity of the water was measured as a function of depth. Progress is being made in filtering and correlation techniques for seismic profiling, while seismic receiving arrays were improved to make them quieter. The analysis of internal wave data is continuing, but further observations at sea will be required in order to fully understand the mechanism of propagation. Seven papers were published during this period and thirteen were submitted for publication. These papers are concerned with seismic profiling, seismic refraction profiles, sediment ponding, sound transmission, thermal fronts, and biological papers dealing with sound production by marine mammals and deep-sea fish natural history gained from bottom photographs. A new thermistor string intended to replace and improve upon the original thermistor chain was the principal new instrumental development.
Argo data log Jason I Jaspro 88

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1988) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

Argo data log Jason I Jaspro 88
Changing climate, changing ocean

( 2009) Marine Biological Laboratory ; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Observations show that climate warming is already having significant impacts on the ocean. How the ocean and sea ice respond will determine the trajectory of future global climate.
Sonar research conducted during the period 1 October - 31 December 1961

(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1962-04) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, /

Research at sea during this three month period, supported by Contract NObsr-72521, was carried out mostly during the latter portion of the CHAIN Cruise 21 to the eastern Mediterranean. Near-surface sound transmission runs were made with the aid of two foreign ships in the eastern Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian Sea. Sound velocity measurements were made there also. Reverberation and back-scatter measurements using half pound explosives as sound sources were recorded on magnetic tape for future analysis. Further, at several places during the cruise acoustic reflectivity of the sea-floor was measured by means of a semi-automatic system employing the Precision Graphic Recorder and the Edo UQN Echo Sounder. Research other than that on CHAIN Cruise 21, included ambient noise studies of recorded signals from finback whales, and analysis of data from previous observations at sea.

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