Jayne Steven R.

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Jayne
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Steven R.
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0000-0001-7999-0147

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Corrigendum to “Formation and erosion of the seasonal thermocline in the Kuroshio Extension Recirculation gyre” [Deep-Sea Res. II 85 (2013) 62–74]

2016-08-08 , Cronin, Meghan F. , Bond, Nicholas A. , Farrar, J. Thomas , Ichikawa, Hiroshi , Jayne, Steven R. , Kawai, Yoshimi , Konda, Masanori , Qiu, Bo , Rainville, Luc , Tomita, Hiroyuki

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Formation and erosion of the seasonal thermocline in the Kuroshio Extension Recirculation Gyre

2012-07-21 , Cronin, Meghan F. , Bond, Nicholas A. , Farrar, J. Thomas , Ichikawa, Hiroshi , Jayne, Steven R. , Kawai, Yoshimi , Konda, Masanori , Qiu, Bo , Rainville, Luc , Tomita, Hiroyuki

Data from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) surface mooring are used to analyze the balance of processes affecting the upper ocean heat content and surface mixed layer temperature variations in the Recirculation Gyre (RG) south of the Kuroshio Extension (KE). Cold and dry air blowing across the KE and its warm RG during winter cause very large heat fluxes out of the ocean that result in the erosion of the seasonal thermocline in the RG. Some of this heat is replenished through horizontal heat advection, which may enable the seasonal thermocline to begin restratifying while the net surface heat flux is still acting to cool the upper ocean. Once the surface heat flux begins warming the ocean, restratification occurs rapidly due to the low thermal inertia of the shallow mixed layer depth. Enhanced diffusive mixing below the mixed layer tends to transfer some of the mixed layer heat downward, eroding and potentially modifying sequestered subtropical mode water and even the deeper waters of the main thermocline during winter. Diffusivity at the base of the mixed layer, estimated from the residual of the mixed layer temperature balance, is roughly 3×10−4 m2/s during the summer and up to two orders of magnitude larger during winter. The enhanced diffusivities appear to be due to large inertial shear generated by wind events associated with winter storms and summer tropical cyclones. The diffusivity's seasonality is likely due to seasonal variations in stratification just below the mixed layer depth, which is large during the summer when the seasonal thermocline is fully developed and low during the winter when the mixed layer extends to the top of the thermocline.

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A warm jet in a cold ocean

2021-04-23 , MacKinnon, Jennifer A. , Simmons, Harper L. , Hargrove, John , Thomson, Jim , Peacock, Thomas , Alford, Matthew H. , Barton, Benjamin I. , Boury, Samuel , Brenner, Samuel D. , Couto, Nicole , Danielson, Seth L. , Fine, Elizabeth C. , Graber, Hans C. , Guthrie, John D. , Hopkins, Joanne E. , Jayne, Steven R. , Jeon, Chanhyung , Klenz, Thilo , Lee, Craig M. , Lenn, Yueng-Djern , Lucas, Andrew J. , Lund, Björn , Mahaffey, Claire , Norman, Louisa , Rainville, Luc , Smith, Madison M. , Thomas, Leif N. , Torres-Valdes, Sinhue , Wood, Kevin R.

Unprecedented quantities of heat are entering the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean through Bering Strait, particularly during summer months. Though some heat is lost to the atmosphere during autumn cooling, a significant fraction of the incoming warm, salty water subducts (dives beneath) below a cooler fresher layer of near-surface water, subsequently extending hundreds of kilometers into the Beaufort Gyre. Upward turbulent mixing of these sub-surface pockets of heat is likely accelerating sea ice melt in the region. This Pacific-origin water brings both heat and unique biogeochemical properties, contributing to a changing Arctic ecosystem. However, our ability to understand or forecast the role of this incoming water mass has been hampered by lack of understanding of the physical processes controlling subduction and evolution of this this warm water. Crucially, the processes seen here occur at small horizontal scales not resolved by regional forecast models or climate simulations; new parameterizations must be developed that accurately represent the physics. Here we present novel high resolution observations showing the detailed process of subduction and initial evolution of warm Pacific-origin water in the southern Beaufort Gyre.

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Observations of the upper ocean from autonomous platforms during the passage of extratropical Cyclone Epsilon (2020)

2024-03-18 , Zimmerman, Michael T. , Jayne, Steven R. , Rainville, Luc , Lee, Craig M. , Toole, John M. , Edson, James B. , Clayson, Carol Anne , Ekholm, Alexander K. , Densmore, Casey R.

Hurricane Epsilon (2020) was a late-season, category-3 tropical cyclone that underwent extratropical transition and became Extratropical Cyclone Epsilon on October 26. The upper ocean response to the passage of the storm was observed by three types of autonomous platforms: an eXpendable Spar buoy, an Air-Launched Autonomous Micro-Observer profiling float, and two Seagliders. Taken together, this array enabled the rare collection of contemporaneous observations of the upper ocean, air-sea interface, and atmospheric boundary layer before, during, and after the passage of the storm. The evidence presented suggests that Extratropical Cyclone Epsilon contributed to breaking down the residual North Atlantic summer stratification regime and accelerated the shift to the prolonged ocean cooling associated with winter. The synergistic capabilities of the observational array are significant for two reasons: (1) by enabling the comparison of complementary atmosphere and ocean observations, taken from different platforms, they permit a comprehensive approach to better understand how storm-induced momentum, heat, and moisture fluxes alter upper ocean structure, and (2) they demonstrate the ability of future, targeted deployments of similar observational arrays to assess the fidelity of coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave numerical prediction models.

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Preprint

The Kuroshio Extension and its recirculation gyres

2009-07-01 , Jayne, Steven R. , Hogg, Nelson G. , Waterman, Stephanie N. , Rainville, Luc , Donohue, Kathleen A. , Watts, D. Randolph , Tracey, Karen L. , McClean, Julie L. , Maltrud, Mathew E. , Qiu, Bo , Chen, Shuiming , Hacker, Peter

This paper reports on the strength and structure of the Kuroshio Extension and its recirculation gyres. In the time average, quasi-permanent recirculation gyres are found to the north and south of the Kuroshio Extension jet. The characteristics of recirculation gyres are determined from the combined observations from the Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS) field program program (June 2004 – June 2006) and include current meters, pressure and current recording inverted echo sounders, and sub-surface floats. The position and strength of the recirculation gyres simulated by a high-resolution numerical model are found to be consistent with the observations. The circulation pattern that is revealed is of a complex system of multiple recirculation gyres that are embedded in the crests and troughs of the quasi-permanent meanders of the Kuroshio Extension. At the location of the KESS array, the Kuroshio Extension jet and its recirculation gyres transport of about 114 Sv. This represents a 2.7-fold increase in the transport of the current compared to the Kuroshio’s transport at Cape Ashizuri before it separates from the coast and flows eastward into the open ocean. This enhancement in the current’s transport comes from the development of the flanking recirculation gyres. Estimates from an array of inverted echo sounders and a high-resolution ocean general circulation model are of similar magnitude.

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Preprint

Formation of Subtropical Mode Water in a high-resolution ocean simulation of the Kuroshio Extension region

2007-03-09 , Rainville, Luc , Jayne, Steven R. , McClean, Julie L. , Maltrud, Mathew E.

A high-resolution numerical model is used to examine the formation and variability of the North Pacific Subtropical ModeWater (STMW) over a 3-year period. The STMW distribution is found to be highly variable in both space and time, a characteristic often unexplored because of sparse observations or the use of coarse resolution simulations. Its distribution is highly dependent on eddies, and where it was renewed during the previous winter. Although the potential vorticity fluxes associated with down-front winds can be of the same order of magnitude or even greater than the diabatic ones due to air-sea temperature differences, the latter dominate the potential vorticity budget on regional and larger scales. Air-sea fluxes, however, are dominated by a few strong wind events, emphasizing the importance of short time scales in the formation of mode waters. In the Kuroshio Extension region, both advection and mixing play important roles to remove the STMW from the formation region.

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Article

Typhoon-ocean interaction in the western North Pacific : Part 1

2011-12 , D'Asaro, Eric A. , Black, Peter G. , Centurioni, Luca R. , Harr, Patrick , Jayne, Steven R. , Lin, I.-I. , Lee, Craig M. , Morzel, Jan , Mrvaljevic, Rosalinda K. , Niiler, Pearn P. , Rainville, Luc , Sanford, Thomas B. , Tang, Tswen Yung

The application of new technologies has allowed oceanographers and meteorologists to study the ocean beneath typhoons in detail. Recent studies in the western Pacific Ocean reveal new insights into the influence of the ocean on typhoon intensity.

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Bay of Bengal intraseasonal oscillations and the 2018 monsoon onset

2021-10-01 , Shroyer, Emily L. , Tandon, Amit , Sengupta, Debasis , Fernando, Harindra J. S. , Lucas, Andrew J. , Farrar, J. Thomas , Chattopadhyay, Rajib , de Szoeke, Simon P. , Flatau, Maria , Rydbeck, Adam , Wijesekera, Hemantha W. , McPhaden, Michael J. , Seo, Hyodae , Subramanian, Aneesh C. , Venkatesan, Ramasamy , Joseph, Jossia K. , Ramsundaram, S. , Gordon, Arnold L. , Bohman, Shannon M. , Pérez, Jaynise , Simoes-Sousa, Iury T. , Jayne, Steven R. , Todd, Robert E. , Bhat, G. S. , Lankhorst, Matthias , Schlosser, Tamara L. , Adams, Katherine , Jinadasa, S. U. P. , Mathur, Manikandan , Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay , Pattabhi Rama Rao, Eluri , Sahai, Atul Kumar , Sharma, Rashmi , Lee, Craig , Rainville, Luc , Cherian, Deepak A. , Cullen, Kerstin , Centurioni, Luca R. , Hormann, Verena , MacKinnon, Jennifer A. , Send, Uwe , Anutaliya, Arachaporn , Waterhouse, Amy F. , Black, Garrett S. , Dehart, Jeremy A. , Woods, Kaitlyn M. , Creegan, Edward , Levy, Gad , Kantha, Lakshmi , Subrahmanyam, Bulusu

In the Bay of Bengal, the warm, dry boreal spring concludes with the onset of the summer monsoon and accompanying southwesterly winds, heavy rains, and variable air–sea fluxes. Here, we summarize the 2018 monsoon onset using observations collected through the multinational Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Bay of Bengal (MISO-BoB) program between the United States, India, and Sri Lanka. MISO-BoB aims to improve understanding of monsoon intraseasonal variability, and the 2018 field effort captured the coupled air–sea response during a transition from active-to-break conditions in the central BoB. The active phase of the ∼20-day research cruise was characterized by warm sea surface temperature (SST > 30°C), cold atmospheric outflows with intermittent heavy rainfall, and increasing winds (from 2 to 15 m s−1). Accumulated rainfall exceeded 200 mm with 90% of precipitation occurring during the first week. The following break period was both dry and clear, with persistent 10–12 m s−1 wind and evaporation of 0.2 mm h−1. The evolving environmental state included a deepening ocean mixed layer (from ∼20 to 50 m), cooling SST (by ∼1°C), and warming/drying of the lower to midtroposphere. Local atmospheric development was consistent with phasing of the large-scale intraseasonal oscillation. The upper ocean stores significant heat in the BoB, enough to maintain SST above 29°C despite cooling by surface fluxes and ocean mixing. Comparison with reanalysis indicates biases in air–sea fluxes, which may be related to overly cool prescribed SST. Resolution of such biases offers a path toward improved forecasting of transition periods in the monsoon.

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Variations of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water from direct observations

2014-04-15 , Rainville, Luc , Jayne, Steven R. , Cronin, Meghan F.

Mooring measurements from the Kuroshio Extension System Study (June 2004–June 2006) and from the ongoing Kuroshio Extension Observatory (June 2004–present) are combined with float measurements of the Argo network to study the variability of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) across the entire gyre, on time scales from days, to seasons, to a decade. The top of the STMW follows a seasonal cycle, although observations reveal that it primarily varies in discrete steps associated with episodic wind events. The variations of the STMW bottom depth are tightly related to the sea surface height (SSH), reflecting mesoscale eddies and large-scale variations of the Kuroshio Extension and recirculation gyre systems. Using the observed relationship between SSH and STMW, gridded SSH products and in situ estimates from floats are used to construct weekly maps of STMW thickness, providing nonbiased estimates of STMW total volume, annual formation and erosion volumes, and seasonal and interannual variability for the past decade. Year-to-year variations are detected, particularly a significant decrease of STMW volume in 2007–10 primarily attributable to a smaller volume formed. Variability of the heat content in the mode water region is dominated by the seasonal cycle and mesoscale eddies; there is only a weak link to STMW on interannual time scales, and no long-term trends in heat content and STMW thickness between 2002 and 2011 are detected. Weak lagged correlations among air–sea fluxes, oceanic heat content, and STMW thickness are found when averaged over the northwestern Pacific recirculation gyre region.

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Observations of the cold wake of Typhoon Fanapi (2010)

2013-01-19 , Mrvaljevic, Rosalinda K. , Black, Peter G. , Centurioni, Luca R. , Chang, Ya-Ting , D'Asaro, Eric A. , Jayne, Steven R. , Lee, Craig M. , Lien, Ren-Chieh , Lin, I.-I. , Morzel, Jan , Niiler, Pearn P. , Rainville, Luc , Sanford, Thomas B.

Several tens of thousands of temperature profiles are used to investigate the thermal evolution of the cold wake of Typhoon Fanapi, 2010. Typhoon Fanapi formed a cold wake in the Western North Pacific Ocean on 18 September characterized by a mixed layer that was >2.5 °C cooler than the surrounding water, and extending to >80 m, twice as deep as the preexisting mixed layer. The initial cold wake became capped after 4 days as a warm, thin surface layer formed. The thickness of the capped wake, defined as the 26 °C–27 °C layer, decreased, approaching the background thickness of this layer with an e-folding time of 23 days, almost twice the e-folding lifetime of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) cold wake (12 days). The wake was advected several hundreds of kilometers from the storm track by a preexisting mesoscale eddy. The observations reveal new intricacies of cold wake evolution and demonstrate the challenges of describing the thermal structure of the upper ocean using sea surface information alone.

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Northern Arabian Sea Circulation-Autonomous Research (NASCar) : a research initiative based on autonomous sensors

2017-06 , Centurioni, Luca R. , Hormann, Verena , Talley, Lynne D. , Arzeno, Isabella B. , Beal, Lisa M. , Caruso, Michael J. , Conry, Patrick , Echols, Rosalind , Fernando, Harindra J. S. , Giddings, Sarah N. , Gordon, Arnold L. , Graber, Hans C. , Harcourt, Ramsey R. , Jayne, Steven R. , Jensen, Tommy G. , Lee, Craig M. , Lermusiaux, Pierre F. J. , L’Hegaret, Pierre , Lucas, Andrew J. , Mahadevan, Amala , McClean, Julie L. , Pawlak, Geno , Rainville, Luc , Riser, Stephen C. , Seo, Hyodae , Shcherbina, Andrey Y. , Skyllingstad, Eric D. , Sprintall, Janet , Subrahmanyam, Bulusu , Terrill, Eric , Todd, Robert E. , Trott, Corinne , Ulloa, Hugo N. , Wang, He

The Arabian Sea circulation is forced by strong monsoonal winds and is characterized by vigorous seasonally reversing currents, extreme differences in sea surface salinity, localized substantial upwelling, and widespread submesoscale thermohaline structures. Its complicated sea surface temperature patterns are important for the onset and evolution of the Asian monsoon. This article describes a program that aims to elucidate the role of upper-ocean processes and atmospheric feedbacks in setting the sea surface temperature properties of the region. The wide range of spatial and temporal scales and the difficulty of accessing much of the region with ships due to piracy motivated a novel approach based on state-of-the-art autonomous ocean sensors and platforms. The extensive data set that is being collected, combined with numerical models and remote sensing data, confirms the role of planetary waves in the reversal of the Somali Current system. These data also document the fast response of the upper equatorial ocean to monsoon winds through changes in temperature and salinity and the connectivity of the surface currents across the northern Indian Ocean. New observations of thermohaline interleaving structures and mixing in setting the surface temperature properties of the northern Arabian Sea are also discussed.

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