Codillo
Emmanuel A.
Codillo
Emmanuel A.
No Thumbnail Available
Search Results
Now showing
1 - 8 of 8
-
ArticlePreferential formation of chlorite over talc during si‐metasomatism of ultramafic rocks in subduction zones(American Geophysical Union, 2022-09-21) Codillo, Emmanuel A. ; Klein, Frieder ; Marschall, Horst R.Talc formation via silica‐metasomatism of ultramafic rocks is believed to play key roles in subduction zone processes. Yet, the conditions of talc formation remain poorly constrained. We used thermodynamic reaction‐path models to assess the formation of talc at the slab‐mantle interface and show that it is restricted to a limited set of pressure–temperature conditions, protolith, and fluid compositions. In contrast, our models predict that chlorite formation is ubiquitous at conditions relevant to the slab‐mantle interface of subduction zones. The scarcity of talc and abundance of chlorite is evident in the rock record of exhumed subduction zone terranes. Talc formation during Si‐metasomatism may thus play a more limited role in volatile cycling, strain localization, and in controlling the decoupling‐coupling transition of the plate interface. Conversely, the observed and predicted ubiquity of chlorite corroborates its prominent role in slab‐mantle interface processes that previous studies attributed to talc.
-
ThesisMass transfer and chemical interactions in subduction zones(Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2023-02) Codillo, Emmanuel A. ; Le Roux, Véronique ; Klein, FriederSubduction zones are important sites of material recycling on Earth, with volatiles playing key roles in mass transfer processes and magma formation. This thesis investigates outstanding questions associated with a continuum of interrelated processes that occur as oceanic plates descend in subduction zones by integrating petrological and geochemical constraints from exhumed high-pressure rocks and erupted arc magmas, high pressure-temperature laboratory experiments, and thermodynamic calculations. Chapters 2 and 3 investigate the fluid-mediated reactions between mafic and ultramafic rocks at conditions relevant to the slab-mantle interface and show that Mg-metasomatism of mafic rocks to form chlorite-rich assemblages is favored and is likely more pervasive in subduction zones than in oceanic settings. Contrary to common belief, talc is unlikely to form in high abundance in ultramafic rocks metasomatized by Si-rich slabderived fluids. This means that talc-rich assemblages formed via Si-metasomatism along the slabmantle interface are less likely to be playing prominent roles in volatile transport, in facilitating slow-slip events, and in controlling the decoupling-coupling transition of the plate interface. Chapter 4 experimentally investigates the phase equilibria, melting, and density evolution of mélange rocks that formed by mixing and fluid-rock interactions. Results show that melting of mélanges is unlikely to occur along slab-tops at pressures ≤ 2.5 GPa. Accordingly, diapirism into the hotter mantle wedge would be required to initiate melting. The density contrast between mélanges and the overlying mantle would allow for buoyancy-driven diapirism at relatively low pressures and melting could subsequently occur in the hotter mantle wedge during ascent. However, diapir buoyancy may be limited at higher pressures due to the formation of abundant garnet especially in mélange rocks with peraluminous composition. Chapter 5 experimentally investigates the compositions of melts and mineral residues from melting of a mantle wedge hybridized with small amounts of mélange rocks to simulate an end-member scenario where solid mélange diapirs dynamically interact with the mantle wedge. Results from laboratory experiments show that melting of a mélange-hybridized mantle wedge can produce melts that display compositional characteristics similar to arc magmas. Finally, Chapter 6 presents new interpretations on the evolution of slab-to-mantle transfer mechanisms from subduction initiation to arc maturity. Analyses of published magma compositions from global arcs reveal that melting of mélange plays an increasingly important role in magma formation as slab-tops cool and arcs mature over time. This trend is attributed to the deepening of the decoupled plate interface during subduction where mélange zones can form more extensively and contribute to the melting process more significantly. Taken together, this thesis highlights (i) the dynamic connection between mechanical mixing of different lithologies and fluid-rock interactions along the slab-mantle interface, (ii) how these processes modify the petrophysical and geochemical properties of subducted materials, and (iii) how these processes collectively influence the mechanisms of slabto-mantle transfer, elemental cycles, and the formation of arc magmas worldwide.
-
ArticleFluid‐mediated mass transfer between mafic and ultramafic rocks in subduction zones(American Geophysical Union, 2022-07-11) Codillo, Emmanuel A. ; Klein, Frieder ; Dragovic, Besim ; Marschall, Horst R. ; Baxter, Ethan ; Scambelluri, Marco ; Schwarzenbach, Esther M.Metasomatic reaction zones between mafic and ultramafic rocks exhumed from subduction zones provide a window into mass-transfer processes at high pressure. However, accurate interpretation of the rock record requires distinguishing high-pressure metasomatic processes from inherited oceanic signatures prior to subduction. We integrated constraints from bulk-rock geochemical compositions and petrophysical properties, mineral chemistry, and thermodynamic modeling to understand the formation of reaction zones between juxtaposed metagabbro and serpentinite as exemplified by the Voltri Massif (Ligurian Alps, Italy). Distinct zones of variably metasomatized metagabbro are dominated by chlorite, amphibole, clinopyroxene, epidote, rutile, ilmenite, and titanite between serpentinite and eclogitic metagabbro. Whereas the precursor serpentinite and oxide gabbro formed and were likely already in contact in an oceanic setting, the reaction zones formed by diffusional Mg-metasomatism between the two rocks from prograde to peak, to retrograde conditions in a subduction zone. Metasomatism of mafic rocks by Mg-rich fluids that previously equilibrated with serpentinite could be widespread along the subduction interface, within the subducted slab, and the mantle wedge. Furthermore, the models predict that talc formation by Si-metasomatism of serpentinite in subduction zones is limited by pressure-dependent increase in the silica activity buffered by the serpentine-talc equilibrium. Elevated activities of aqueous Ca and Al species would also favor the formation of chlorite and garnet. Accordingly, unusual conditions or processes would be required to stabilize abundant talc at high P-T conditions. Alternatively, a different set of mineral assemblages, such as serpentine- or chlorite-rich rocks, may be controlling the coupling-decoupling transition of the plate interface.
-
ArticleCauses of oceanic crustal thickness oscillations along a 74-M Mid-Atlantic ridge flow line(American Geophysical Union, 2019-11-19) Shinevar, William J. ; Mark, Hannah F. ; Clerc, Fiona ; Codillo, Emmanuel A. ; Gong, Jianhua ; Olive, Jean-Arthur ; Brown, Stephanie M. ; Smalls, Paris T. ; Liao, Yang ; Le Roux, Véronique ; Behn, Mark D.Gravity, magnetic, and bathymetry data collected along a continuous 1,400‐km‐long spreading‐parallel flow line across the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge indicate significant tectonic and magmatic fluctuations in the formation of oceanic crust over a range of time scales. The transect spans from 28 Ma on the African Plate to 74 Ma on the North American plate, crossing the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at 35.8°N. Gravity‐derived crustal thicknesses vary from 3–9 km with a standard deviation of 1.0 km. Spectral analysis of bathymetry and residual mantle Bouguer anomaly show a diffuse power at >1 Myr and concurrent peaks at 390, 550, and 950 kyr. Large‐scale (>10 km) mantle thermal and compositional heterogeneities, variations in upper mantle flow, and detachment faulting likely generate the >1 Myr diffuse power. The 550‐ and 950‐kyr peaks may reflect the presence of magma solitons and/or regularly spaced ~7.7 and 13.3 km short‐wavelength mantle compositional heterogeneities. The 390‐kyr spectral peak corresponds to the characteristic spacing of faults along the flow line. Fault spacing also varies over longer periods (>10 Myr), which we interpret as reflecting long‐lived changes in the fraction of tectonically versus magmatically accommodated extensional strain. A newly discovered off‐axis oceanic core complex (Kafka Dome) found at 8 Ma on the African plate further suggests extended time periods of tectonically‐dominated plate separation. Fault spacing negatively correlates with gravity‐derived crustal thickness, supporting a strong link between magma input and fault style at mid‐ocean ridges.
-
ArticleArc-like magmas generated by mélange-peridotite interaction in the mantle wedge(Nature Publishing Group, 2018-07-20) Codillo, Emmanuel A. ; Le Roux, Véronique ; Marschall, Horst R.The mechanisms of transfer of crustal material from the subducting slab to the overlying mantle wedge are still debated. Mélange rocks, formed by mixing of sediments, oceanic crust, and ultramafics along the slab-mantle interface, are predicted to ascend as diapirs from the slab-top and transfer their compositional signatures to the source region of arc magmas. However, the compositions of melts that result from the interaction of mélanges with a peridotite wedge remain unknown. Here we present experimental evidence that melting of peridotite hybridized by mélanges produces melts that carry the major and trace element abundances observed in natural arc magmas. We propose that differences in nature and relative contributions of mélanges hybridizing the mantle produce a range of primary arc magmas, from tholeiitic to calc-alkaline. Thus, assimilation of mélanges into the wedge may play a key role in transferring subduction signatures from the slab to the source of arc magmas.
-
DatasetCauses of oceanic crustal thickness oscillations along a 74-Myr Mid-Atlantic Ridge flow line( 2019-11-12) Shinevar, William J. ; Mark, Hannah F. ; Clerc, Fiona ; Codillo, Emmanuel A. ; Gong, Jianhua ; Olive, Jean-Arthur ; Brown, Stephanie M. ; Smalls, Paris T. ; Liao, Yang ; Le Roux, Véronique ; Behn, Mark D.Gravity, magnetic, and bathymetry data collected along a continuous 1400-km-long spreading-parallel flow line across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge indicate significant tectonic and magmatic fluctuations in the formation of oceanic crust over a range of timescales. The transect spans from 28 Ma on the African Plate to 74 Ma on the North American plate, crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 35.8 ºN. Gravity-derived crustal thicknesses vary from 3–9 km with a standard deviation of 1 km. Spectral analysis of bathymetry and residual mantle Bouguer anomaly (RMBA) show diffuse power at >1 Myr and concurrent peaks at 390, 550, and 950 kyr. Large-scale (>10-km) mantle thermal and compositional heterogeneities, variations in upper mantle flow, and detachment faulting likely generate the >1 Myr diffuse power. The 550- and 950-kyr peaks may reflect the presence of magma solitons and/or regularly spaced ~7.7 and 13.3 km short-wavelength mantle compositional heterogeneities. The 390-kyr spectral peak corresponds to the characteristic spacing of faults along the flow line. Fault spacing also varies over longer periods (>10 Myr), which we interpret as reflecting long-lived changes in the fraction of tectonically- vs. magmatically- accommodated extensional strain. A newly discovered off-axis oceanic core complex (Kafka Dome) found at 8 Ma on the African plate further suggests extended time periods of tectonically dominated plate separation. Fault spacing negatively correlates with gravity-derived crustal thickness, supporting a strong link between magma input and fault style at mid-ocean ridges.
-
ArticleThe ascent of subduction zone mélanges: Experimental constraints on mélange rock densities and solidus temperatures(Elsevier, 2023-09-27) Codillo, Emmanuel A. ; Le Roux, Veronique ; Klein, Benjamin Z. ; Behn, Mark D. ; Marschall, Horst R. ; Bebout, Gray E.Mélanges are mixtures of subducted materials and serpentinized mantle rocks that form along the slab-mantle interface in subduction zones. It has been suggested that mélange rocks may be able to ascend from the slab-top into the overlying mantle, as solid or partially molten buoyant diapirs, and transfer their compositional signatures to the source regions of arc magmas. However, their ability to buoyantly rise is in part tied to their phase equilibria during melting and residual densities after melt extraction, all of which are poorly constrained. Here, we report a series of piston-cylinder experiments performed at 1.5–2.5 GPa and 500–1050 °C on three natural mélange rocks that span a range of mélange compositions. Using phase equilibria, solidus temperatures, and densities for all experiments, we show that melting of mélanges is unlikely to occur along the slab-top at pressures ≤ 2.5 GPa, so that diapirism into the hotter mantle wedge would be required for melting to initiate. For the two metaluminous mélange compositions, diapir formation is favored up to pressures of at least 2.5 GPa. For the peraluminous mélange composition investigated, diapir buoyancy is possible at 1.5 GPa but limited at 2.5 GPa due to the formation of high-density garnet, primarily at the expense of chlorite. We also evaluate whether thermodynamic modeling (Perple_X) can accurately reproduce the phase equilibria, solidus temperatures, and density evolution of mélange compositions. Our analysis shows good agreement between models and experiments in mélange compositions with low initial water contents and low-pressure (≤ 1.5 GPa) conditions. However, discrepancies between the thermodynamic models and experiments become larger at higher pressures and high-water contents, highlighting the need for an improved thermodynamic database that can model novel bulk compositions beyond the canonical subducting lithologies. This study provides experimental constraints on mélange buoyancy that can inform numerical models of mélange diapirism and influence the interpretations of both geophysical signals and geochemical characteristics of magmas in subduction zones.
-
ArticleMobilization of isotopically heavy sulfur during serpentinite subduction(American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2024-08-07) Schwarzenbach, Esther M. ; Dragovic, Besim ; Codillo, Emmanuel A. ; Streicher, Linus ; Scicchitano, Maria Rosa ; Wiechert, Uwe ; Klein, Frieder ; Marschall, Horst R. ; Scambelluri, MarcoPrimitive arc magmas are more oxidized and enriched in sulfur-34 (34S) compared to mid-ocean ridge basalts. These findings have been linked to the addition of slab-derived volatiles, particularly sulfate, to arc magmas. However, the oxidation state of sulfur in slab fluids and the mechanisms of sulfur transfer in the slab remain inconclusive. Juxtaposed serpentinite and eclogitic metagabbro from the Voltri Massif (Italy) provide evidence for sulfur mobilization and associated redox processes during infiltration of fluids. Using bulk rock and in situ δ34S measurements, combined with thermodynamic calculations, we document the transfer of bisulfide-dominated, 34S-enriched fluids in equilibrium with serpentinite into adjacent metagabbro. We argue that the process documented in this study is pervasive along the subduction interface and infer that subsequent melting of these reacted slab-mantle interface rocks could produce melts that display the characteristic oxygen fugacity and sulfur isotope signatures of arc magmas worldwide.