Academic Programs

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  • Technical Report
    The 1959 Summer Program of Theoretical Studies in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1959-10) Malkus, Willem V. R.
    This ten-week work-study-discussion program is centered about a formal course called Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Eight participants are selected from graduate and postgraduate applicants. In the discussions emphasis is placed on the formulation of tractable research problems in geophysics. The participants are encouraged to work on satisfactory problems thus formulated and to continue with their research after returning to their respective institutions.
  • Technical Report
  • Technical Report
    The 1960 Summer Program of Theoretical Studies in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1960-11) Malkus, Willem V. R.
    This ten-week work-study-discussion program is centered about a formal course called Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Eight participants are selected from graduate and postgraduate applicants. In the discussions emphasis is placed on the formulation of tractable research problems in geophysics. The participants are encouraged to work on satisfactory problems thus formulated and to continue with their research after returning to their respective institutions.
  • Technical Report
  • Technical Report
    The 1961 Summer Program of Theoretical Studies in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1961-11) Veronis, George
    This ten-week work-study-discussion program was centered about a formal course called Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Sixteen participants were selected from graduate and postgraduate applicants. In the discussions emphasis was placed on the formulation of tractable research problems in geophysics. The participants were encouraged to work on satisfactory problems thus formulated and to continue with their research after returning to their respective institutions.
  • Technical Report
    Notes on the 1962 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1962) Stern, Melvin E. ; Thayer, Mary C.
  • Technical Report
    The 1962 Summer Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1962-11) Stern, Melvin E.
  • Technical Report
    Notes on the 1963 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1963) Veronis, George
    This year's lectures by Derek Moore form a detailed report of investigations on the fluid motion caused by the motion of a body in a homogeneous rotating fluid. The emphasis has been on the significance of the Taylor-Proudman theorem and the departure of the fluid from the behavior described by the Taylor-Proudman theorem. The plan was to probe deeply into one problem and thereby acquire information in a wider area of study of rotating fluids.
  • Technical Report
    The 1963 summer program of theoretical studies in geophysical fluid dynamics
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1963-11) Veronis, George
    The program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics for the summer of 1963 was a program of work, study and discussion and was formally outlined through two courses of lectures - one on the dynamics of rotating fluids, the other, a special lecture series on astrophysics. The twenty-three participants attempted to formulate and analyze tractable problems in geophysics and astrophysics.
  • Technical Report
    Notes on the 1964 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1964) Malkus, Willem V. R. ; Thayer, Mary C.
    Two distinctive features of large-scale geophysical flows are that they are dominated by the earth's rotation and that they are turbulent. This year's lecture program was an exploration of recent achievements in the study of, first, the simplest examples of turbulence, and second, the rotational constraint.
  • Technical Report
    Notes on the 1965 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1965) Malkus, Willem V. R. ; Thayer, Mary C.
  • Technical Report
    Notes on the 1966 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1966) Malkus, Willem V. R. ; Thayer, Mary C.
    The lecturers, Drs. Howard, Stern and Veronis, have introduced the participants to several aspects of geophysical fluid dynamics at the frontiers of current research. Their choice of topic and its development was to serve, on one hand, a pedagogic function and, on the other, to suggest a variety of allied unsolved problems.
  • Technical Report
    Notes on the 1967 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1967) Veronis, George
    In former years some of the research and seminars of the WHOI Geophysical Fluid Dynamics program was concerned with determining the interior structure and motions of stars and galaxies. This year we have focused our attention downward rather than upward and have attempted to learn some things about the earth's interior. Freeman Gilbert's lectures on the inverse problem in seismology discuss one aspect of the geophysicist's attempts to infer some things about the earth's interior from the evidence which is available at the surface. Paul Robert presented a survey of the difference attempts to attribute the earth's magnetic field to dynamo action. Willem Malkus, Raymond Hide and Stephen Childress supplemented Roberts' lectures with seminars. As students of our physical environment all of us were entertained and stimulated by this introduction to the netherworld.
  • Technical Report
    Notes on the 1968 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1968) Veronis, George ; Thayer, Mary C.
    The general circulation of the oceans was the topic of concentration for the 1968 WHOI Summer Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
  • Technical Report
    Notes on the 1969 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1969) Malkus, Willem V. R. ; Thayer, Mary C.
    The principal theme of this eleventh Summer Program has been Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics. As in the past, we have explored the region of overlap in technique and theory of our summer theme and other aspects of Fluid Dynamics. An interesting example of this overlap is the application of the physics of salt-finger instability, a significant oceanographic process, to instabilities due to differential rotation in the sun, a critical problem in stellar evolution.
  • Thesis
    Experimental studies of turbulence in liquid-solid flows
    (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1969-08) Bohlen, Walter Franklin
    A series of laboratory experiments were performed to ascertain the extent and manner of turbulence modification induced by low concentration suspended loads of near neutral buoyancy. Hot-wire measurements of the fluid velocity field of free surface flows were obtained in a specially designed flume recirculating a dielectric liquid and 0.5 mm" diameter spherical plastic particles. In the fixed Reynolds number flow (16,800) the data obtained at six different concentration levels, ranging from 0 to 3.5% by volume, indicate that the presence of particles produces substantial turbulence changes. Even at this low level the mean velocity profile shows an increasing gradient near the bed and sharp deviation from a logarithmic profile. The rms level of each of the velocity components u', v' and w' increases, indicating a general rise in turbulence intensity. The Reynolds stress ρ u'v' increases, and its maximum value shifts away from the bed. The overall scale of turbulence appears to remain unchanged. The data indicate that offhand neglect of suspended particle presence is an oversimplification. There is a similarity between these data and those obtained under adverse pressure gradients. Some effort is made to clarify the altered turbulence production meechanism, and some future experimental work is proposed.
  • Technical Report
    Notes on the 1970 summer study program in geophysical fluid dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1970) Malkus, Willem V. R. ; Thayer, Mary C.
    The principal lectures of this twelfth Summer Program were given by Joseph Pedlosky of the University of Chicago. On the following page one sees Dr. Pedlosky demonstrating advanced effects caused by rotation and stratification. Only in his last few lectures do these novel phenomena emerge from the analysis.
  • Thesis
    A study of certain trace metals in sea water using anodic stripping voltammetry
    (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1970-01) Fitzgerald, William F.
    Anodic stripping voltammetry utilizing a thin film mercury composite graphite electrode has been evaluated and applied for the direct analysis of the metals, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in sea water. The electrode was observed to follow theoretical behavior for thin film electrodes and the technique was found not to be adversely affected by dissolved organic material in sea water. Good precision (ca., 5%) was obtained in both coastal and open ocean waters at the in situ concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. It was shown that this method is at present most suitable for measurements of Cu, Pb, and Cd in sea water. Evidence is given suggesting that Ni may interfere with the determination of Zn through formation of an intermetallic compound, and further studies are indicated to understand this phenomenon. The anodic stripping apparatus was adapted and used conveniently on shipboard. It was demonstrated that stripping analysis could be combined with a method for the destruction of dissolved organic matter (photo-oxidation with ultra-violet radiation), and with an addification procedure to obtain measurements of trace metal speciation in sea water. An argument for the existence of Cu-aspartic acid chelates in sea water has been described theoretically and demonstrated empirically; suggesting that a significant fraction of Cu and other trace metals may be expected to be organically sequestered in sea water. A study of coastal waters employing the total method (anodic stripping-photo-oxidation-acidification) indicated the presence of a significant group of organic ligands that complex Cu (ca., 60%). It was also shown that the waters subject to gross pollution contain about 30% of the total Cu in very stable organic complexes that release Cu only when the dissolved organic matter is destroyed, and not when the pH of this sea water is adjusted to 3. An open ocean trace metal study of a thermal-front zone in the western Sargasso Sea gave data for Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd that compared favorably with other relevant investigations. Higher free metal concentrations were observed south of the front than to the north, providing further evidence that these fronts may mark a change between southern and northern conditions in the Sargasso Sea. Data obtained from shipboard analyses using the total analytical method indicates the presence of weak organic complexes with Cu and Pb in open ocean waters.
  • Thesis
    Inertial oscillations in the Mediterranean
    (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1970-06) Perkins, Henry T.
    Measurements of ocean currents were made by the author in the Western Mediterranean Sea at five depths for two months during early 1969. In terms of the dominant and persistent presence of inertial oscillations, circularly polarized currents having periods of a half pendulum day, the data are among the most striking ever collected. Two contemporary theories have been adapted for interpretation of this data. On the basis of a ray or short-wave-length theory, energy arriving at the observing site is found to fall into two categories, that making direct arrival from the, surface where it is assumed to have been generated, and that which undergoes one or more reflections. To the extent that the former dominates, it is found that the Algerian Coast about 130 km. to the south would cast a shadow to the north, the precise shape of which would be highly dependent on small variations in frequency. The nature of this frequency dependence implies a gradual increase in frequency with depth at the observing latitude. Although the data show a measurable shift (about 3%) towards higher frequencies, which is roughly the required amount, the lack of progressive frequency change with depth does not support the shadow hypothesis. In addition, the data is interpreted in terms of normal mode theory, where the nearby coast is seen to force a discrete modal structure to the solutions. The observed variation of current phase with depth indicates that a single internal mode dominates over a large portion of the data, while variations of both current amplitude and phase with depth are consistent this being the third internal vertical mode. Existence of a normal mode is also consistent with the long time, on the order of three weeks, for which the oscillations were observed to persist and with the dimensions of the Mediterranean Basin.
  • Thesis
    Experimental study of internal gravity waves over a slope
    (Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1970-09) Cacchione, David A.
    A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in a glass wave tank to investigate the propagation of internal gravity waves up a sloping bottom in a fluid with constant Brunt-Vaisala frequency. Measurements of the wave motion in the fluid interior were primarily taken with electrical conductivity probes; measurements in the boundary layer were made with dye streaks and neutrally buoyant particles. The results indicate that, outside of the breaking zone, the amplitude and horizontal wave number of the high-frequency waves increase lineariy with decreasing depth; this is shown to agree with existing linear, inviscid solutions. A zone of breaking or runup is induced by these high-frequency waves well upslope. Shadowgraph observations show that, if the wave characteristics are coincident, or nearly so, with the bottom slope, the upslope propagation of the low-frequency waves causes a line of regularly spaced vortices to form along the slope. Subsequent mixing in the vortex cells creates thin horizontal laminae that are more homogeneous than the adjacent layers. These laminae slowly penetrate the fluid interior, creating a step-like vertical density structure. Available linear theoretical solutions for the velocity in the viscous boundary layer, determined to be valid for certain experimental conditions, are used to develop a criterion for incipient motion of bottom sediment induced by shoaling internal waves. The maximum sediment sizes that can be placed into motion, according to this criterion, are larger than certain mean sediment sizes on the continental margin off New England. This suggests that internal waves might induce initial sediment movement. Speculation about the geological effects of breaking and vortex instabilities is also given. These processes, not definitely measured in the field as yet, might also be conducive to sediment movement.