Understanding calcium waves and sparks in central neurons

Abstract

All cells use changes in intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i to regulate cell signaling events In neurons, with their elaborate dendritic and axonal arborizations, there are clear examples of both localized and widespread Ca2+ signals. [Ca2+]i changes generated by Ca2+ entry through voltage gated and ligand gated channels are the best characterised. In addition, [Ca2+]i can increase by release from intracellular stores. These signals have been less studied, in part because they usually are not associated with specific changes in membrane potential. However, recent experiments have revealed dramatic widespread Ca2+ waves and localized spark-like events, particularly in dendrites. Here we review emerging data on the nature of these signals and their functions.