Carton Xavier

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Spreading and vertical structure of the Persian Gulf and Red Sea outflows in the Northwestern Indian Ocean

2021-03-29 , L'Hégaret, Pierre , de Marez, Charly , Morvan, Mathieu , Meunier, Thomas , Carton, Xavier

In the Indian Ocean, salty water masses from the Persian Gulf and Red Sea are important sources of salt, heat, and nutrients. Across the Arabian Sea, these outflows impact human and biological activities, their thermohaline characteristics and shapes exhibiting important spatial and seasonal variability. The knowledge of the water masses properties is important to validate realistic simulations of the Indian Ocean. A classical approach to study these water masses is to track them on specific isopycnal levels. Nevertheless, their peaking thermohaline characteristics are not always found at a specific density but rather spread over a range. Here, we develop a detection algorithm able to capture the full vertical structure of the outflows, that we applied to a data set of about 126,000 vertical profiles. We are thus able to quantify the changes in their thermohaline signatures and in their vertical structures, characterized here by the intensity of the salinity peaks of the water masses and lateral injection of fresh and salty waters, and describe their spatial variability. Across the northwestern Indian Ocean, the salty outflows undergo several changes, diminishing their thermohaline signatures and peaks and layering. In their early stages in the narrow Gulf of Oman and Aden, the outflows present configurations indicative of diapycnal mixing. In the same regions and along the western edge of the Arabian Sea, these water masses are subject to lateral mixing. All over the Arabian Sea, salt fingering conditions are met for lower layers of the outflows.

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EUREC4A

2021-08-25 , Stevens, Bjorn , Bony, Sandrine , Farrell, David , Ament, Felix , Blyth, Alan , Fairall, Christopher W. , Karstensen, Johannes , Quinn, Patricia K. , Speich, Sabrina , Acquistapace, Claudia , Aemisegger, Franziska , Albright, Anna Lea , Bellenger, Hugo , Bodenschatz, Eberhard , Caesar, Kathy-Ann , Chewitt-Lucas, Rebecca , de Boer, Gijs , Delanoë, Julien , Denby, Leif , Ewald, Florian , Fildier, Benjamin , Forde, Marvin , George, Geet , Gross, Silke , Hagen, Martin , Hausold, Andrea , Heywood, Karen J. , Hirsch, Lutz , Jacob, Marek , Jansen, Friedhelm , Kinne, Stefan , Klocke, Daniel , Kölling, Tobias , Konow, Heike , Lothon, Marie , Mohr, Wiebke , Naumann, Ann Kristin , Nuijens, Louise , Olivier, Léa , Pincus, Robert , Pöhlker, Mira L. , Reverdin, Gilles , Roberts, Gregory , Schnitt, Sabrina , Schulz, Hauke , Siebesma, Pier , Stephan, Claudia Christine , Sullivan, Peter P. , Touzé-Peiffer, Ludovic , Vial, Jessica , Vogel, Raphaela , Zuidema, Paquita , Alexander, Nicola , Alves, Lyndon , Arixi, Sophian , Asmath, Hamish , Bagheri, Gholamhossein , Baier, Katharina , Bailey, Adriana , Baranowski, Dariusz , Baron, Alexandre , Barrau, Sébastien , Barrett, Paul A. , Batier, Frédéric , Behrendt, Andreas , Bendinger, Arne , Beucher, Florent , Bigorre, Sebastien P. , Blades, Edmund , Blossey, Peter , Bock, Olivier , Böing, Steven , Bosser, Pierre , Bourras, Denis , Bouruet-Aubertot, Pascale , Bower, Keith , Branellec, Pierre , Branger, Hubert , Brennek, Michal , Brewer, Alan , Brilouet, Pierre-Etienne , Brügmann, Björn , Buehler, Stefan A. , Burke, Elmo , Burton, Ralph , Calmer, Radiance , Canonici, Jean-Christophe , Carton, Xavier , Cato, Gregory, Jr. , Charles, Jude Andre , Chazette, Patrick , Chen, Yanxu , Chilinski, Michal T. , Choularton, Thomas , Chuang, Patrick , Clarke, Shamal , Coe, Hugh , Cornet, Céline , Coutris, Pierre , Couvreux, Fleur , Crewell, Susanne , Cronin, Timothy W. , Cui, Zhiqiang , Cuypers, Yannis , Daley, Alton , Damerell, Gillian M. , Dauhut, Thibaut , Deneke, Hartwig , Desbios, Jean-Philippe , Dörner, Steffen , Donner, Sebastian , Douet, Vincent , Drushka, Kyla , Dütsch, Marina , Ehrlich, André , Emanuel, Kerry A. , Emmanouilidis, Alexandros , Etienne, Jean-Claude , Etienne-Leblanc, Sheryl , Faure, Ghislain , Feingold, Graham , Ferrero, Luca , Fix, Andreas , Flamant, Cyrille , Flatau, Piotr Jacek , Foltz, Gregory R. , Forster, Linda , Furtuna, Iulian , Gadian, Alan , Galewsky, Joseph , Gallagher, Martin , Gallimore, Peter , Gaston, Cassandra J. , Gentemann, Chelle L. , Geyskens, Nicolas , Giez, Andreas , Gollop, John , Gouirand, Isabelle , Gourbeyre, Christophe , de Graaf, Dörte , de Graaf, Geiske E. , Grosz, Robert , Güttler, Johannes , Gutleben, Manuel , Hall, Kashawn , Harris, George , Helfer, Kevin C. , Henze, Dean , Herbert, Calvert , Holanda, Bruna , Ibanez-Landeta, Antonio , Intrieri, Janet , Iyer, Suneil , Julien, Fabrice , Kalesse, Heike , Kazil, Jan , Kellman, Alexander , Kidane, Abiel T. , Kirchner, Ulrike , Klingebiel, Marcus , Körner, Mareike , Kremper, Leslie Ann , Kretzschmar, Jan , Krüger, Ovid O. , Kumala, Wojciech , Kurz, Armin , L'Hégareta, Pierre , Labaste, Matthieu , Lachlan-Cope, Thomas , Laing, Arlene , Landschützer, Peter , Lang, Theresa , Lange, Diego , Lange, Ingo , Laplace, Clément , Lavik, Gauke , Laxenaire, Rémi , Le Bihan, Caroline , Leandro, Mason , Lefevre, Nathalie , Lena, Marius , Lenschow, Donald , Li, Qiang , Lloyd, Gary , Los, Sebastian , Losi, Niccolò , Lovell, Oscar , Luneau, Christopher , Makuch, Przemyslaw , Malinowski, Szymon , Manta, Gaston , Marinou, Eleni , Marsden, Nicholas , Masson, Sebastien , Maury, Nicolas , Mayer, Bernhard , Mayers-Als, Margarette , Mazel, Christophe , McGeary, Wayne , McWilliams, James C. , Mech, Mario , Mehlmann, Melina , Meroni, Agostino Niyonkuru , Mieslinger, Theresa , Minikin, Andreas , Minnett, Peter J. , Möller, Gregor , Morfa Avalos, Yanmichel , Muller, Caroline , Musat, Ionela , Napoli, Anna , Neuberger, Almuth , Noisel, Christophe , Noone, David , Nordsiek, Freja , Nowak, Jakub L. , Oswald, Lothar , Parker, Douglas J. , Peck, Carolyn , Person, Renaud , Philippi, Miriam , Plueddemann, Albert J. , Pöhlker, Christopher , Pörtge, Veronika , Pöschl, Ulrich , Pologne, Lawrence , Posyniak, Michał , Prange, Marc , Quinones Melendez, Estefania , Radtke, Jule , Ramage, Karim , Reimann, Jens , Renault, Lionel , Reus, Klaus , Reyes, Ashford , Ribbe, Joachim , Ringel, Maximilian , Ritschel, Markus , Rocha, Cesar B. , Rochetin, Nicolas , Röttenbacher, Johannes , Rollo, Callum , Royer, Haley M. , Sadoulet, Pauline , Saffin, Leo , Sandiford, Sanola , Sandu, Irina , Schäfer, Michael , Schemann, Vera , Schirmacher, Imke , Schlenczek, Oliver , Schmidt, Jerome M. , Schröder, Marcel , Schwarzenboeck, Alfons , Sealy, Andrea , Senff, Christoph J. , Serikov, Ilya , Shohan, Samkeyat , Siddle, Elizabeth , Smirnov, Alexander , Späth, Florian , Spooner, Branden , Stolla, M. Katharina , Szkółka, Wojciech , de Szoeke, Simon P. , Tarot, Stéphane , Tetoni, Eleni , Thompson, Elizabeth , Thomson, Jim , Tomassini, Lorenzo , Totems, Julien , Ubele, Alma Anna , Villiger, Leonie , von Arx, Jan , Wagner, Thomas , Walther, Andi , Webber, Ben , Wendisch, Manfred , Whitehall, Shanice , Wiltshire, Anton , Wing, Allison A. , Wirth, Martin , Wiskandt, Jonathan , Wolf, Kevin , Worbes, Ludwig , Wright, Ethan , Young, Shanea , Zhang, Chidong , Zhang, Dongxiao , Ziemen, Florian , Zinner, Tobias , Zöger, Martin

The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air–sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored – from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation – are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.

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Contrasting biogeochemical cycles of cobalt in the surface western Atlantic Ocean

2014-12-05 , Dulaquais, Gabriel , Boye, Marie , Middag, Rob , Owens, Stephanie A. , Puigcorbe, Viena , Buesseler, Ken O. , Masqué, Pere , Baar, Hein J. W. de , Carton, Xavier

Dissolved cobalt (DCo; <0.2 µm; 14 to 93 pM) and the apparent particulate cobalt (PCo; >0.2 µm; <1 to 15 pM) were determined in the upper water column (<1000 m) of the western Atlantic Ocean along the GEOTRACES-A02 section (64°N to 50°S). The lowest DCo concentrations, typical of a nutrient-type distribution were observed in surface waters of the subtropical domains. Strong linear relationships between DCo and phosphate (P) as well as meridional gradients of decreasing DCo from high latitudes were characterized and both linked to the Co biological requirement. External sources such as the Amazon and the atmospheric deposition were found to contribute significantly (>10%) to the DCo stock of the mixed layer in the equatorial and north subtropical domains. Biotic and abiotic processes as well as the physical terms involved in the biogeochemical cycle of Co were defined and estimated. This allowed establishing the first global budget of DCo for the upper 100 m in the western Atlantic. The biological DCo uptake flux was the dominant sink along the section, as reflected by the overall nutrient-type behavior of DCo. The regeneration varied widely within the different biogeochemical domains, accounting for 10% of the DCo-uptake rate in the subarctic gyre and for up to 85% in southern subtropical domain. These findings demonstrated that the regeneration is likely the prevailing source of DCo in the surface waters of the western Atlantic, except in the subpolar domains where physically driven sources can sustain the DCo biological requirement.

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