Reese Thomas S.

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Reese
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Thomas S.
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  • Preprint
    Palmitoylation regulates glutamate receptor distributions in postsynaptic densities through control of PSD95 conformation and orientation
    ( 2016-08) Jeyifous, Okunola ; Lin, Eric I. ; Chen, Xiaobing ; Antinone, Sarah E. ; Mastro, Ryan ; Drisdel, Renaldo ; Reese, Thomas S. ; Green, William N.
    PSD95 and SAP97 are homologous scaffold proteins with different N-terminal domains, possessing either a palmitoylation site (PSD95) or an L27 domain (SAP97). Here, we measured PSD95 and SAP97 conformation in vitro and in postsynaptic densities (PSDs) using FRET and electron microscopy, and examined how conformation regulated interactions with AMPA-type and NMDAtype glutamate receptors (AMPARs/NMDARs). Palmitoylation of PSD95 changed its conformation from a compact to an extended configuration. PSD95 associated with AMPARs (via TARP subunits) or NMDARs (via GluN2B subunits) only in its palmitoylated and extended conformation. In contrast, SAP97 in its extended conformation associates with NMDARs but not with AMPARs. Within PSDs, PSD95 and SAP97 were largely in the extended conformation, but had different orientations. PSD95 oriented perpendicular to the PSD membrane, with its palmitoylated, N-terminal domain at the membrane. SAP97 oriented parallel to the PSD membrane, likely as a dimer through interactions of its N-terminal, L27 domain. Changing PSD95 palmitoylation in PSDs altered PSD95 and AMPAR levels but did not affect NMDAR levels. These results indicate that in PSDs, PSD95 palmitoylation, conformation and its interactions are dynamic when associated with AMPARs, and more stable when associated with NMDARs. Altogether, our results are consistent with differential regulation of PSD95 palmitoylation in PSDs resulting from the clustering of palmitoylating and depalmitoylating enzymes into AMPAR nanodomains segregated away from NMDAR nanodomains.
  • Article
    Cells containing aragonite crystals mediate responses to gravity in Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa), an animal lacking neurons and synapses
    (Public Library of Science, 2018-01-17) Mayorova, Tatiana D. ; Smith, Carolyn L. ; Hammar, Katherine M. ; Winters, Christine A. ; Pivovarova, Natalia B. ; Aronova, Maria A. ; Leapman, Richard D. ; Reese, Thomas S.
    Trichoplax adhaerens has only six cell types. The function as well as the structure of crystal cells, the least numerous cell type, presented an enigma. Crystal cells are arrayed around the perimeter of the animal and each contains a birefringent crystal. Crystal cells resemble lithocytes in other animals so we looked for evidence they are gravity sensors. Confocal microscopy showed that their cup-shaped nuclei are oriented toward the edge of the animal, and that the crystal shifts downward under the influence of gravity. Some animals spontaneously lack crystal cells and these animals behaved differently upon being tilted vertically than animals with a typical number of crystal cells. EM revealed crystal cell contacts with fiber cells and epithelial cells but these contacts lacked features of synapses. EM spectroscopic analyses showed that crystals consist of the aragonite form of calcium carbonate. We thus provide behavioral evidence that Trichoplax are able to sense gravity, and that crystal cells are likely to be their gravity receptors. Moreover, because placozoans are thought to have evolved during Ediacaran or Cryogenian eras associated with aragonite seas, and their crystals are made of aragonite, they may have acquired gravity sensors during this early era.
  • Article
    The ventral epithelium of Trichoplax adhaerens deploys in distinct patterns cells that secrete digestive enzymes, mucus or diverse neuropeptides
    (Company of Biologists, 2019-08-09) Mayorova, Tatiana D. ; Hammar, Katherine M. ; Winters, Christine A. ; Reese, Thomas S. ; Smith, Carolyn L.
    The disk-shaped millimeter-sized marine animal, Trichoplax adhaerens, is notable because of its small number of cell types and primitive mode of feeding. It glides on substrates propelled by beating cilia on its lower surface and periodically pauses to feed on underlying microorganisms, which it digests externally. Here, a combination of advanced electron and light microscopic techniques are used to take a closer look at its secretory cell types and their roles in locomotion and feeding. We identify digestive enzymes in lipophils, a cell type implicated in external digestion and distributed uniformly throughout the ventral epithelium except for a narrow zone near its edge. We find three morphologically distinct types of gland cell. The most prevalent contains and secretes mucus, which is shown to be involved in adhesion and gliding. Half of the mucocytes are arrayed in a tight row around the edge of the ventral epithelium while the rest are scattered further inside, in the region containing lipophils. The secretory granules in mucocytes at the edge label with an antibody against a neuropeptide that was reported to arrest ciliary beating during feeding. A second type of gland cell is arrayed in a narrow row just inside the row of mucocytes while a third is located more centrally. Our maps of the positions of the structurally distinct secretory cell types provide a foundation for further characterization of the multiple peptidergic cell types in Trichoplax and the microscopic techniques we introduce provide tools for carrying out these studies.
  • Article
    Isolation and ultrastructural characterization of squid synaptic vesicles
    (Marine Biological Laboratory, 2011-04) Pekkurnaz, Gulcin ; Fera, Andrea ; Zimmerberg-Helms, Jessica ; DeGiorgis, Joseph A. ; Bezrukov, Ludmila ; Blank, Paul S. ; Mazar, Julia ; Reese, Thomas S. ; Zimmerberg, Joshua
    Synaptic vesicles contain a variety of proteins and lipids that mediate fusion with the pre-synaptic membrane. Although the structures of many synaptic vesicle proteins are known, an overall picture of how they are organized at the vesicle surface is lacking. In this paper, we describe a better method for the isolation of squid synaptic vesicles and characterize the results. For highly pure and intact synaptic vesicles from squid optic lobe, glycerol density gradient centrifugation was the key step. Different electron microscopic methods show that vesicle membrane surfaces are largely covered with structures corresponding to surface proteins. Each vesicle contains several stalked globular structures that extend from the vesicle surface and are consistent with the V-ATPase. BLAST search of a library of squid expressed sequence tags identifies 10 V-ATPase subunits, which are expressed in the squid stellate ganglia. Negative-stain tomography demonstrates directly that vesicles flatten during the drying step of negative staining, and furthermore shows details of individual vesicles and other proteins at the vesicle surface.