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    Dividing up the pie : whales, fish, and humans as competitors

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    Author's manuscript (2.690Mb)
    Supplementary material (668.4Kb)
    Date
    2013-04-29
    Author
    Ruzicka, James J.  Concept link
    Steele, John H.  Concept link
    Ballerini, Tosca  Concept link
    Gaichas, Sarah K.  Concept link
    Ainley, David G.  Concept link
    Metadata
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    Citable URI
    https://hdl.handle.net/1912/6289
    As published
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.009
    Keyword
     End-to-end model; Baleen whales; Odontocete whales; Pinnipeds; Conservation; Competition; Food web 
    Abstract
    Similarly structured food web models of four coastal ecosystems (Northern California Current, Central Gulf of Alaska, Georges Bank, southwestern Antarctic Peninsula) were used to investigate competition among whales, fishes, pinnipeds, and humans. Two analysis strategies simulated the effects of historic baleen and odontocete whale abundances across all trophic levels: food web structure scenarios and time-dynamic scenarios. Direct competition between whales and commercial fisheries is small at current whale abundances; whales and fisheries each take similar proportions of annual pelagic fish production (4 - 7%). Scenarios show that as whale populations grow, indirect competition between whales and fish for zooplankton would more likely impact fishery production than would direct competition for fish between whales and commercial fisheries. Increased baleen whale abundance would have greater and broader indirect effects on upper trophic levels and fisheries than a similar increase in odontocete abundance. Time-dynamic scenarios, which allow for the evolution of compensatory mechanisms, showed more modest impacts than structural scenarios, which show the immediate impacts of altered energy pathways. Structural scenarios show that in terms of energy availability, there is potential for large increases in whale abundance without major changes to existing food web structures and without substantial reduction of fishery production. For each ecosystem, a five-fold increase in baleen whale abundance could be supported with minor disruptions to existing energy flow pathways. However, such an increase would remain below historical population levels for many cetaceans. A larger expansion (20X) could be accommodated only with large reductions in energy flow to competitor groups. The scope for odontocete expansion varies between ecosystems but can be restricted because they feed at higher, less productive trophic levels.
    Description
    Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Progress in Oceanography 116 (2013): 207–219, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.009.
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    • Marine Policy Center (MPC)
    Suggested Citation
    Preprint: Ruzicka, James J., Steele, John H., Ballerini, Tosca, Gaichas, Sarah K., Ainley, David G., "Dividing up the pie : whales, fish, and humans as competitors", 2013-04-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.009, https://hdl.handle.net/1912/6289
     

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