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    Exposure to hypoxia rapidly induces mitochondrial channel activity within a living synapse

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    Date
    2004-11-23
    Author
    Jonas, Elizabeth A.  Concept link
    Hickman, John A.  Concept link
    Hardwick, J. Marie  Concept link
    Kaczmarek, Leonard K.  Concept link
    Metadata
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    Citable URI
    https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2808
    As published
    https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M410661200
    DOI
    10.1074/jbc.M410661200
    Abstract
    One of the earliest effects of hypoxia on neuronal function is to produce a run-down of synaptic transmission, and more prolonged hypoxia results in neuronal death. An increase in the permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane, controlled by BCL-2 family proteins, occurs in response to stimuli that trigger cell death. By patch clamping mitochondrial membranes inside the presynaptic terminal of a squid giant synapse, we have now found that several minutes of hypoxia trigger the opening of large multiconductance channels. The channel activity is induced concurrently with the attenuation of synaptic responses that occurs under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia-induced channels are inhibited by NADH, an agent that inhibits large conductance channels produced by a pro-apoptotic fragment of BCL-xL in these synaptic mitochondria. The appearance of hypoxia-induced channels was also prevented by the caspase/cysteine protease inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD-fmk), which inhibits proteolysis of BCL-xL during hypoxia. Both NADH and Z-VAD-fmk reduced significantly the rate of decline of synaptic responses during hypoxia. Our results indicate that an increase in outer mitochondrial channel activity is a very early event in the response of neurons to hypoxia and suggest that this increase in activity may contribute to the decline in synaptic function during hypoxia.
    Description
    Author Posting. © American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (2005): 4491-4497, doi:10.1074/jbc.M410661200.
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    Suggested Citation
    Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (2005): 4491-4497
     
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