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    Sea-level rise will drive divergent sediment transport patterns on fore reefs and reef flats, potentially causing erosion on Atoll Islands

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    Date
    2020-09-25
    Author
    Bramante, James F.  Concept link
    Ashton, Andrew D.  Concept link
    Storlazzi, Curt D.  Concept link
    Cheriton, Olivia M.  Concept link
    Donnelly, Jeffrey P.  Concept link
    Metadata
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    Citable URI
    https://hdl.handle.net/1912/26316
    As published
    https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005446
    Related Material/Data
    https://hdl.handle.net/1912/24795
    DOI
    10.1029/2019JF005446
    Keyword
     coral atolls; fringing reefs; sediment transport; wave model; wave climate; sea level rise 
    Abstract
    Atoll reef islands primarily consist of unconsolidated sediment, and their ocean‐facing shorelines are maintained by sediment produced and transported across their reefs. Changes in incident waves can alter cross‐shore sediment exchange and, thus, affect the sediment budget and morphology of atoll reef islands. Here we investigate the influence of sea level rise and projected wave climate change on wave characteristics and cross‐shore sediment transport across an atoll reef at Kwajalein Island, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Using a phase‐resolving model, we quantify the influence on sediment transport of quantities not well captured by wave‐averaged models, namely, wave asymmetry and skewness and flow acceleration. Model results suggest that for current reef geometry, sea level, and wave climate, potential bedload transport is directed onshore, decreases from the fore reef to the beach, and is sensitive to the influence of flow acceleration. We find that a projected 12% decrease in annual wave energy by 2100 CE has negligible influence on reef flat hydrodynamics. However, 0.5–2.0 m of sea level rise increases wave heights, skewness, and shear stress on the reef flat and decreases wave skewness and shear stress on the fore reef. These hydrodynamic changes decrease potential sediment inputs onshore from the fore reef where coral production is greatest but increase potential cross‐reef sediment transport from the outer reef flat to the beach. Assuming sediment production on the fore reef remains constant or decreases due to increasing ocean temperatures and acidification, these processes have the potential to decrease net sediment delivery to atoll islands, causing erosion.
    Description
    Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 125 (2020): e2019JF005446, doi: 10.1029/2019JF005446.
    Collections
    • Geology and Geophysics (G&G)
    Suggested Citation
    Bramante, J. F., Ashton, A. D., Storlazzi, C. D., Cheriton, O. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2020). Sea level rise will drive divergent sediment transport patterns on fore reefs and reef flats, potentially causing erosion on Atoll Islands. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 125, e2019JF005446.
     

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