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    Average echoes from randomly oriented random-length finite cylinders : zooplankton models

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    JASA_Stanton-1993.pdf (958.3Kb)
    Date
    1993-12
    Author
    Stanton, Timothy K.  Concept link
    Chu, Dezhang  Concept link
    Wiebe, Peter H.  Concept link
    Clay, Clarence S.  Concept link
    Metadata
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    Citable URI
    https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2511
    As published
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.407200
    DOI
    10.1121/1.407200
    Keyword
    Underwater sound
    Abstract
    By heuristically extending the previously developed ray solution [Stanton et al. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94, 3454–3462 (1993)] to predict the scattering by cylinders over all angles of incidence, approximate expressions are derived which describe the echo energy due to sound scattered by finite cylinders averaged over orientation and length. Both straight and bent finite length cylinders of high aspect ratio are considered over the full range of frequencies (Rayleigh through geometric scattering). The results show that for a sufficiently broad range of orientation, the average echo is largely independent of the degree of bend—that is, the results are essentially the same for both the straight and bent cylinders of various radii of curvature (provided the bend is not too great). Also, in the limit of high frequency (i.e., the acoustic wavelength is much smaller than the cross-sectional radius of the object), the averages are independent of frequency. The resultant formulas derived herein are useful in describing the scattering by elongated zooplankton whose shape may not necessarily be known in the natural ocean environment. The average echo is shown to depend directly upon standard deviation (s.d.) of the angle of orientation as well as size. If independent measurements of size are made (such as from trawling samples), then the properties of the angle distribution and hence behavior may be inferred from the data. Averages over both angle and a narrow distribution of size are shown to only partially smooth out deep nulls in the scatter versus frequency curves. The formulas compare favorably with laboratory data involving aggregations of animals and a broad range of frequencies (38 kHz to 1.2 MHz).
    Description
    Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 1993. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94 (1993): 3463-3472, doi:10.1121/1.407200.
    Collections
    • Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering (AOP&E)
    • Biology
    Suggested Citation
    Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94 (1993): 3463-3472
     

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