Global Carbon Budget 2015
Global Carbon Budget 2015
Date
2015-12-07
Authors
Le Quere, Corinne
Moriarty, Roisin
Andrew, Robbie M.
Canadell, Josep G.
Sitch, Stephen
Korsbakken, Jan Ivar
Friedlingstein, Pierre
Peters, Glen P.
Andres, Robert J.
Boden, Thomas A.
Houghton, Richard A.
House, Jo I.
Keeling, Ralph F.
Tans, Pieter P.
Arneth, Almut
Bakker, Dorothee C. E.
Barbero, Leticia
Bopp, Laurent
Chang, J.
Chevallier, Frédéric
Chini, Louise Parsons
Ciais, Philippe
Fader, Marianela
Feely, Richard A.
Gkritzalis, Thanos
Harris, Ian
Hauck, Judith
Ilyina, Tatiana
Jain, Atul K.
Kato, Etsushi
Kitidis, Vassilis
Klein Goldewijk, Kees
Koven, Charles
Landschutzer, Peter
Lauvset, Siv K.
Lefevre, N.
Lenton, Andrew
Lima, Ivan D.
Metzl, Nicolas
Millero, Frank J.
Munro, David R.
Murata, Akihiko
Nabel, Julia E. M. S.
Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro
Nojiri, Yukihiro
O'Brien, Kevin
Olsen, Are
Ono, Tsuneo
Perez, Fiz F.
Pfeil, Benjamin
Pierrot, Denis
Poulter, Benjamin
Rehder, Gregor
Rodenbeck, C.
Saito, Shu
Schuster, Ute
Schwinger, Jorg
Seferian, Roland
Steinhoff, Tobias
Stocker, Benjamin D.
Sutton, Adrienne J.
Takahashi, Taro
Tilbrook, Bronte
van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T.
van der Werf, Guido R.
van Heuven, Steven
Vandemark, Douglas
Viovy, Nicolas
Wiltshire, Andrew J.
Zaehle, Sonke
Zeng, Ning
Moriarty, Roisin
Andrew, Robbie M.
Canadell, Josep G.
Sitch, Stephen
Korsbakken, Jan Ivar
Friedlingstein, Pierre
Peters, Glen P.
Andres, Robert J.
Boden, Thomas A.
Houghton, Richard A.
House, Jo I.
Keeling, Ralph F.
Tans, Pieter P.
Arneth, Almut
Bakker, Dorothee C. E.
Barbero, Leticia
Bopp, Laurent
Chang, J.
Chevallier, Frédéric
Chini, Louise Parsons
Ciais, Philippe
Fader, Marianela
Feely, Richard A.
Gkritzalis, Thanos
Harris, Ian
Hauck, Judith
Ilyina, Tatiana
Jain, Atul K.
Kato, Etsushi
Kitidis, Vassilis
Klein Goldewijk, Kees
Koven, Charles
Landschutzer, Peter
Lauvset, Siv K.
Lefevre, N.
Lenton, Andrew
Lima, Ivan D.
Metzl, Nicolas
Millero, Frank J.
Munro, David R.
Murata, Akihiko
Nabel, Julia E. M. S.
Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro
Nojiri, Yukihiro
O'Brien, Kevin
Olsen, Are
Ono, Tsuneo
Perez, Fiz F.
Pfeil, Benjamin
Pierrot, Denis
Poulter, Benjamin
Rehder, Gregor
Rodenbeck, C.
Saito, Shu
Schuster, Ute
Schwinger, Jorg
Seferian, Roland
Steinhoff, Tobias
Stocker, Benjamin D.
Sutton, Adrienne J.
Takahashi, Taro
Tilbrook, Bronte
van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T.
van der Werf, Guido R.
van Heuven, Steven
Vandemark, Douglas
Viovy, Nicolas
Wiltshire, Andrew J.
Zaehle, Sonke
Zeng, Ning
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DOI
10.5194/essd-7-349-2015
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Abstract
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates as well as consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2005–2014), EFF was 9.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 4.4 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1. For the year 2014 alone, EFF grew to 9.8 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, 0.6 % above 2013, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, albeit at a slower rate compared to the average growth of 2.2 % yr−1 that took place during 2005–2014. Also, for 2014, ELUC was 1.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 3.9 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 4.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. GATM was lower in 2014 compared to the past decade (2005–2014), reflecting a larger SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 397.15 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2014. For 2015, preliminary data indicate that the growth in EFF will be near or slightly below zero, with a projection of −0.6 [range of −1.6 to +0.5] %, based on national emissions projections for China and the USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy for the rest of the world. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2015, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 555 ± 55 GtC (2035 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2015, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2015).
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© The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Earth System Science Data 7 (2015): 349–396, doi:10.5194/essd-7-349-2015.
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Earth System Science Data 7 (2015): 349–396