Riser Stephen C.

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The Argo Program : observing the global ocean with profiling floats

2009-06 , Roemmich, Dean , Johnson, Gregory C. , Riser, Stephen C. , Davis, Russ E. , Gilson, John , Owens, W. Brechner , Garzoli, Silvia L. , Schmid, Claudia , Ignaszewski, Mark

The Argo Program has created the first global array for observing the subsurface ocean. Argo arose from a compelling scientific need for climate-relevant ocean data; it was made possible by technology development and implemented through international collaboration. The float program and its data management system began with regional arrays in 1999, scaled up to global deployments by 2004, and achieved its target of 3000 active instruments in 2007. US Argo, supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Navy through the National Oceanographic Partnership Program, provides half of the floats in the international array, plus leadership in float technology, data management, data quality control, international coordination, and outreach. All Argo data are freely available without restriction, in real time and in research-quality forms. Uses of Argo data range from oceanographic research, climate research, and education, to operational applications in ocean data assimilation and seasonal-to-decadal prediction. Argo’s value grows as its data accumulate and their applications are better understood. Continuing advances in profiling float and sensor technologies open many exciting possibilities for Argo’s future, including expanding sampling into high latitudes and the deep ocean, improving near-surface sampling, and adding biogeochemical parameters.

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Argo data 1999-2019: two million temperature-salinity profiles and subsurface velocity observations from a global array of profiling floats.

2020-09-15 , Wong, Annie P. S. , Wijffels, Susan E. , Riser, Stephen C. , Pouliquen, Sylvie , Hosoda, Shigeki , Roemmich, Dean , Gilson, John , Johnson, Gregory C. , Martini, Kim I. , Murphy, David J. , Scanderbeg, Megan , Udaya Bhaskar, T. V. S. , Buck, Justin J. H. , Merceur, Frederic , Carval, Thierry , Maze, Guillaume , Cabanes, Cécile , André, Xavier , Poffa, Noé , Yashayaev, Igor , Barker, Paul M. , Guinehut, Stéphanie , Belbeoch, Mathieu , Ignaszewski, Mark , Baringer, Molly O. , Schmid, Claudia , Lyman, John , McTaggart, Kristene E. , Purkey, Sarah G. , Zilberman, Nathalie , Alkire, Matthew , Swift, Dana , Owens, W. Brechner , Jayne, Steven R. , Hersh, Cora , Robbins, Pelle E. , West-Mack, Deb , Bahr, Frank B. , Yoshida, Sachiko , Sutton, Philip J. H. , Cancouët, Romain , Coatanoan, Christine , Dobbler, Delphine , Garcia Juan, Andrea , Gourrion, Jérôme , Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas , Bernard, Vincent , Bourlès, Bernard , Claustre, Hervé , d’Ortenzio, Fabrizio , Le Reste, Serge , Le Traon, Pierre-Yves , Rannou, Jean-Philippe , Saout-Grit, Carole , Speich, Sabrina , Thierry, Virginie , Verbrugge, Nathalie , Angel-Benavides, Ingrid M. , Klein, Birgit , Notarstefano, Giulio , Poulain, Pierre Marie , Vélez-Belchí, Pedro , Suga, Toshio , Ando, Kentaro , Iwasaska, Naoto , Kobayashi, Taiyo , Masuda, Shuhei , Oka, Eitarou , Sato, Kanako , Nakamura, Tomoaki , Sato, Katsunari , Takatsuki, Yasushi , Yoshida, Takashi , Cowley, Rebecca , Lovell, Jenny L. , Oke, Peter , van Wijk, Esmee , Carse, Fiona , Donnelly, Matthew , Gould, W. John , Gowers, Katie , King, Brian A. , Loch, Stephen G. , Mowat, Mary , Turton, Jon , Pattabhi Rama Rao, Eluri , Ravichandran, M. , Freeland, Howard , Gaboury, Isabelle , Gilbert, Denis , Greenan, Blair J. W. , Ouellet, Mathieu , Ross, Tetjana , Tran, Anh , Dong, Mingmei , Liu, Zenghong , Xu, Jianping , Kang, KiRyong , Jo, HyeongJun , Kim, Sung-Dae , Park, Hyuk-Min

In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.

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The technological, scientific, and sociological revolution of global subsurface ocean observing

2022-01-07 , Roemmich, Dean , Talley, Lynne D. , Zilberman, Nathalie , Osborne, Emily , Johnson, Kenneth S. , Barbero, Leticia , Bittig, Henry C. , Briggs, Nathan , Fassbender, Andrea J. , Johnson, Gregory C. , King, Brian A. , McDonagh, Elaine L. , Purkey, Sarah G. , Riser, Stephen C. , Suga, Toshio , Takeshita, Yuichiro , Thierry, Virginie , Wijffels, Susan E.

The complementary partnership of the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP; https://www.go-ship.org/) and the Argo Program (https://argo.ucsd.edu) has been instrumental in providing sustained subsurface observations of the global ocean for over two decades. Since the late twentieth century, new clues into the ocean’s role in Earth’s climate system have revealed a need for sustained global ocean observations (e.g., Gould et al., 2013; Schmitt, 2018) and stimulated revolutionary technology advances needed to address the societal mandate. Together, the international GO-SHIP and Argo Program responded to this need, providing insight into the mean state and variability of the physics, biology, and chemistry of the ocean that led to advancements in fundamental science and monitoring of the state of Earth's climate.

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The Argo Program : present and future

2017-06 , Jayne, Steven R. , Roemmich, Dean , Zilberman, Nathalie , Riser, Stephen C. , Johnson, Kenneth S. , Johnson, Gregory C. , Piotrowicz, Stephen R.

The Argo Program has revolutionized large-scale physical oceanography through its contributions to basic research, national and international climate assessment, education, and ocean state estimation and forecasting. This article discusses the present status of Argo and enhancements that are underway. Extensions of the array into seasonally ice-covered regions and marginal seas as well as increased numbers of floats along the equator and around western boundary current extensions have been proposed. In addition, conventional Argo floats, with their 2,000 m sampling limit, currently observe only the upper half of the open ocean volume. Recent advances in profiling float technology and in the accuracy and stability of float-mounted conductivity-temperature-depth sensors make it practical to obtain measurements to 6,000 m. The Deep Argo array will help observe and constrain the global budgets of heat content, freshwater, and steric sea level, as well as the full-depth ocean circulation. Finally, another extension to the Argo Program is the addition of a diverse set of chemical sensors to profiling floats in order to build a Biogeochemical-Argo array to understand the carbon cycle, the biological pump, and ocean acidification.

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On the future of Argo: A global, full-depth, multi-disciplinary array

2019-08-02 , Roemmich, Dean , Alford, Matthew H. , Claustre, Hervé , Johnson, Kenneth S. , King, Brian , Moum, James N. , Oke, Peter , Owens, W. Brechner , Pouliquen, Sylvie , Purkey, Sarah G. , Scanderbeg, Megan , Suga, Koushirou , Wijffels, Susan E. , Zilberman, Nathalie , Bakker, Dorothee , Baringer, Molly O. , Belbeoch, Mathieu , Bittig, Henry C. , Boss, Emmanuel S. , Calil, Paulo H. R. , Carse, Fiona , Carval, Thierry , Chai, Fei , Conchubhair, Diarmuid Ó. , d’Ortenzio, Fabrizio , Dall'Olmo, Giorgio , Desbruyeres, Damien , Fennel, Katja , Fer, Ilker , Ferrari, Raffaele , Forget, Gael , Freeland, Howard , Fujiki, Tetsuichi , Gehlen, Marion , Geenan, Blair , Hallberg, Robert , Hibiya, Toshiyuki , Hosoda, Shigeki , Jayne, Steven R. , Jochum, Markus , Johnson, Gregory C. , Kang, KiRyong , Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas , Körtzinger, Arne , Le Traon, Pierre-Yves , Lenn, Yueng-Djern , Maze, Guillaume , Mork, Kjell Arne , Morris, Tamaryn , Nagai, Takeyoshi , Nash, Jonathan D. , Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. , Olsen, Are , Pattabhi Rama Rao, Eluri , Prakash, Satya , Riser, Stephen C. , Schmechtig, Catherine , Schmid, Claudia , Shroyer, Emily L. , Sterl, Andreas , Sutton, Philip J. H. , Talley, Lynne D. , Tanhua, Toste , Thierry, Virginie , Thomalla, Sandy J. , Toole, John M. , Troisi, Ariel , Trull, Thomas W. , Turton, Jon , Velez-Belchi, Pedro , Walczowski, Waldemar , Wang, Haili , Wanninkhof, Rik , Waterhouse, Amy F. , Waterman, Stephanie N. , Watson, Andrew J. , Wilson, Cara , Wong, Annie P. S. , Xu, Jianping , Yasuda, Ichiro

The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system arose opportunistically from the combination of great scientific need and technological innovation. Through the data system, Argo provides fundamental physical observations with broad societally-valuable applications, built on the cost-efficient and robust technologies of autonomous profiling floats. Following recent advances in platform and sensor technologies, even greater opportunity exists now than 20 years ago to (i) improve Argo’s global coverage and value beyond the original design, (ii) extend Argo to span the full ocean depth, (iii) add biogeochemical sensors for improved understanding of oceanic cycles of carbon, nutrients, and ecosystems, and (iv) consider experimental sensors that might be included in the future, for example to document the spatial and temporal patterns of ocean mixing. For Core Argo and each of these enhancements, the past, present, and future progression along a path from experimental deployments to regional pilot arrays to global implementation is described. The objective is to create a fully global, top-to-bottom, dynamically complete, and multidisciplinary Argo Program that will integrate seamlessly with satellite and with other in situ elements of the Global Ocean Observing System (Legler et al., 2015). The integrated system will deliver operational reanalysis and forecasting capability, and assessment of the state and variability of the climate system with respect to physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystems parameters. It will enable basic research of unprecedented breadth and magnitude, and a wealth of ocean-education and outreach opportunities.

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