McKee Theresa K.

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Theresa K.
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Technical Report

Hydrographic data from Endeavor 214 : a study of the Gulf Stream - Deep Western Boundary Current crossover

1992-05 , Pickart, Robert S. , McKee, Theresa K. , Smethie, William M.

In late June, 1990, a 17-day cruise aboard R/V ENDEAVOR was undertaken to investigate the manner in which the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) crosses under the Gulf Stream. Forty-four CTD casts, comprising five sections, were made along with bottle measurements of Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Silica, F-1l, and F-12. An acoustic transport float (POGO) was deployed at each station to obtain a measurement of the upper layer transport. The shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measured currents thoughout the cruise. This report presents vertical profiles and sections of the bottle and CTD data a vector map of the average POGO currents, and listings of the bottle data.

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Technical Report

Knorr 147 leg v hydrographic data report : Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment

2000-05 , Zimmermann, Sarah , McKee, Theresa K. , Pickart, Robert S. , Smethie, William M.

Between 2 February and 20 March 1997, the first phase of the Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment was carried out on R/V Knorr, during which 127 hydrographic stations were occupied throughout the Labrador basin. This included five boundary crossings (two on the east and three on the west). Special emphasis was placed on the western portion of the basin were deep convection occurs. Expendable Bathy Thermographs (XBTs) were launched regularly to increase resolution near the boundary and to help optimally place interior stations. Three "to-yo" CTD surveys were conducted, and Langrangian floats were delpoyed throughout the cruise. Despite extremely difficult working conditions, this cruise was successful in observing deep convection under "classic" wintertime conditions. This report describes the CTD operation and performance and also presents vertical profiles of CTD Potential Temperature, Salinity, and Potential Density (referenced to the surface and 1500 db) plotted versus Depth. Instructions for obtaining the data via anonymous FTP are included in Appendix B.

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Technical Report

CLIMODE bobber data report : July 2005 - May 2009

2010-03 , Fratantoni, David M. , McKee, Theresa K. , Hodges, Benjamin A. , Furey, Heather H. , Lund, John M.

This report summarizes direct observations of Eighteen Degree Water (EDW) subduction and dispersal within the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean. Forty acoustically-tracked bobbing, profiling floats (“bobbers”) were deployed to study the formation and dispersal of EDW in the western North Atlantic. The unique bobber dataset described herein provides insight into the evolution of EDW by means of direct, eddy-resolving measurement of EDW Lagrangian dispersal pathways and stratification. Bobbers are modified Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) profiling floats which actively servo their buoyancy control mechanism to follow a particular isothermal surface. The CLIVAR Mode Water Dynamics Experiment (CLIMODE) bobbers tracked the 18.5°C temperature surface for 3 days, then bobbed quickly between the 17°C and 19°C isotherms. This cycle was repeated for one month, after which each bobber profiled to 1000 m before ascending to the surface to transmit data. The resulting dataset (37/40 tracked bobbers; more than half still profiling as of January 2010) yields well-resolved trajectories, unprecedented velocity statistics in the core of the subducting and spreading EDW, and detailed information about the Lagrangian evolution of EDW thickness and vertical structure. This report provides an overview of the experimental procedure employed and summarizes the initial processing of the bobber dataset.

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Technical Report

Surface velocity in the equatorial oceans (20N-20S) calculated from historical ship drifts

1989-04 , Richardson, Philip L. , McKee, Theresa K.

Ship drift velocity observations were used to calculate and plot monthly mean and yearly mean velocities in 2° latitude by 5° longitude boxes for the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The vector maps shown here provide a visualization of the mean and seasonally varying currents.

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Technical Report

Site L SOFAR float experiment, 1982-1985

1987-12 , Price, James F. , McKee, Theresa K. , Owens, W. Brechner , Valdes, James R.

Lagrangian measurements of low frequency currents in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream and its recirculation region in the western Sargasso Sea were made by tracking SOFAR floats. These floats were tracked using acoustic time of arrival information from an array of five Autonomous Listening Stations {ALSs) which were moored in the western Sargasso Sea. The ALSs performed almost flawlessly, returning over 90 percent of the possible data. Floats were released in three deployments of seven floats each in November 1982, February 1983, and June 1983. The floats were launched in initially coherent arrays (approximately 20 km spacing) at 34°N, 70°W, Site "L", and were ballasted for 700 m depth. The SOFAR floats themselves functioned with somewhat less than expected reliability; four floats failed fairly soon after launch, and several other floats suffered failures of their temperature and pressure telemetry. The majority of the SOFAR floats launched in this program produced long, and interesting trajectories. These new data will be valuable for estimating first order flow statistics in the dynamically important recirculation region, for visualizing interactions between the Gulf Stream and the New England Seamount Chain, and for estimating one and two particle diffusivities in a region of very high eddy energy.

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Technical Report

Gulf Stream Recirculation Experiment (GUSREX) and line experiment SOFAR float data, 1980-1982

1984-11 , Kennelly, Maureen A. , McKee, Theresa K.

Thirty-nine neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats were tracked in the western North Atlantic at depths of 700 m and 2000 m. These floats were launched in an effort to measure the deep current structure of the Gulf Stream and its recirculation near 55°W. Three separate deployments were made in April and October 1980 and July 1981. The floats were tracked by means of moored autonomous listening stations. The basic data consist of float trajectories, and temperature, pressure, and velocity measurements along the trajectories. This report describes the GUSREX experiment and instrument performance. It presents plots illustrating the horizontal structure and scales of the general circulation in the Gulf Stream and its recirculation for the period October 1980 to May 1982.

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Technical Report

SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985

1986-07 , Price, James F. , McKee, Theresa K. , Valdes, James R. , Richardson, Philip L. , Armi, Laurence

In October, 1984, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution SOFAR float group began a three-year long field program to observe the low frequency currents in the Canary Basin. The principal scientific goal was to learn how advection and diffusion by these currents determine the shape and amplitude of the Mediterranean salt tongue. Fourteen floats were launched at a depth of 1100 min a cluster centered on 32N, 24W, and seven other floats were launched incoherently along a north/south line from 24N to 37N. At the same time investigators from Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Rhode Island used four other SOFAR floats to tag a submesoscale lens of Mediterranean water. Slightly over twenty years of float trajectories were p reduced during the first year of the experiment. In this report we briefly describe the 1984 field operations and show the first year's SOFAR float data. Perhaps the most striking result is that westward flow within the Mediterranean salt tongue was found to be confined to a rather narrow jet {roughly 150 km in meridional extent) which had a mean speed of roughly 2 em s -l. To the north or south of this jet the mean flow was much weaker and eastward. This suggests that currents associated with the salt tongue itself {rather than the gyre scale circulation) may be most important for determining the salt distribution.

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Technical Report

A summary of historical SOFAR float data in the western North Atlantic 1972-81

1986-07 , McKee, Theresa K.

SOFAR float observations from the years 1972 to 1981 have been edited and analyzed to·produce a uniform and error-free data set suitable for archiving. These data were collected from the western North Atlantic during three major experiments directed by H. T. Rossby of the .University of Rhode Island. The data are shown here in plots of the composite and individual trajectories, as time series plots of velocity components, and for the LDE floats, as time series plots of temperature, pressure, vertical velocity, and vertical displacement. These data comprise about 72 years of SOFAR float observations, and are a unique resource for Lagrangian studies of the North Atlantic circulation.

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Technical Report

Impact of Irminger Rings on Deep Convection in the Labrador Sea : mooring instrument, cruise CTD, and APEX data report September 2007 – September 2009

2013-05 , Furey, Heather H. , McKee, Theresa K. , de Jong, Marieke F. , Robbins, Paul E. , Bower, Amy S.

This is the final data report of all hydrographic station, mooring, and subsurface float data collected by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2007-2009 during the Impact of Irminger Rings on Deep Convection in the Labrador Sea experiment (IRINGS). The objectives of IRINGS were to (1) to determine the full water column hydrographic and velocity structure of newlyformed Irminger Rings that have entered the interior Labrador Sea; (2) to observe how Irminger Ring core properties are modified by atmospheric forcing over their lifetime; and (3) to improve the interpretation of sea surface height (SSH) anomalies in terms of newly formed coherent heat containing Irminger Rings. The mooring deployment and recovery cruises were both on the R/V Knorr: KN192-01 in September 2007 and KN196-01 in September 2009, respectively. The single mooring held eight Aanderaa current meters (RCM-11), two Submerged Autonomous Launch Platforms (SALPs), and nine Seabird microcats (SBE37), deployed from 26 September 2007 through 27 September 2009, yeilding full water column (100-3000 meters) records of temperature, salinity, pressure, and velocity data for the two year period. The two SALP cages contained eleven APEX floats, and released some of these floats according to local oceanographic conditions, so as to seed the floats in passing Irminger Rings, and the remainder of floats as timed releases. Thirteen conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) stations were taken on the mooring recovery cruise, creating a boundary current cross-section from the mooring site to Nuuk, Greenland.

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Technical Report

Hydrographic data from Endeavor 223 : formation and spreading of the shallow component of the North Atlantic deep western boundary current

1995-05 , McKee, Theresa K. , Pickart, Robert S. , Smethie, William M.

In March-April, 1991, a 34-day hydrographic cruise aboard R/V Endeavor was undertaken to investigate the formation of the shallow component of the North Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). Forty-seven stations were occupied, including 4 crossings of the DWBC. Five of the stations comprise a detailed CID/XBT survey taken in the region of a lens of newly ventilated water. Two additional stations were occupied in the central part of the Labrador Sea. Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Silcate, and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) F-11 and F-12 were measured at all stations. F-113 measurements were taken in the latter part of the cruise, and Tritium and Helium were measured at selected stations. An acoustic transport (POGO) float was deployed at each station to measure average velocity directly over the upper 1000-1500 meters. The shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profier (ADCP) measured upper layer currents throughout the cruise. Eighty-four XBTs were taken. This report presents vertical profiles and sections of the bottle and CTD data, a vector map of the average POGO currents, and listings of the bottle data. Tritium and Helium data are listed in an appendix.

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