Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry
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The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program focuses on the ocean’s role as a component of the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology that inform on and advance our understanding of ocean biogeochemistry. The overall program goals are to promote, plan, and coordinate collaborative, multidisciplinary research opportunities within the U.S. research community and with international partners.
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Working PaperBuilding a Community of Biogeochemistry Float Data Users: an OCB and US CLIVAR Report(Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 2023-04-04) Riser, Stephen C. ; Fassbender, Andrea J. ; Johnson, Kenneth S. ; Sarmiento, Jorge L. ; Talley, Lynne D. ; Wijffels, Susan E. ; Hotinski, Roberta ; Gray, Alison R. ; Takeshita, Yuichiro ; Nicholson, David P. ; Purkey, Sarah G. ; Martz, Todd R. ; Matsumoto, George I. ; Cullen, HeidiThe Global Ocean Biogeochemistry (GO-BGC) array is a 5-year effort funded by the US National Science Foundation to produce and deploy 500 profiling floats equipped with biogeochemical sensors in the world ocean. Deployments began in the first quarter of 2021. To inform and engage a broad oceanographic user community, the Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) and the US Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Programs worked with GO-BGC leadership to host a virtual GO-BGC Scientific Workshop from June 28-30, 2021. The objectives of the workshop were to: • Introduce the GO-BGC plan to the global scientific community • Discuss and innovate on scientific applications of GO-BGC data • Provide background information on the flow of data and archiving • Deliver hands-on tutorials and computer code for accessing GO-BGC data Presentations and discussions were scheduled for 3-4 hours on each day using the Zoom platform. Some pre-recorded presentations were available online prior to each day’s events, so that participants could consider discussion items before the meeting. A Slack channel was also created prior to the meeting so that participants could communicate with organizers, presenters, and other attendees during the event.
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OtherGlobal biogeochemical fluxes program for the Ocean Observatories Initiative(OCB Project Office, 2011-05)This OCB Scoping Workshop will explore the potential for development of a major, sustained biogeochemical flux program aligned with the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI). The primary focus of this workshop will be to (a) define overarching scientific objectives, (b) establish core measurement strategies/technologies and assess the logistical feasibility of biogeochemical observations, and (c) explore ways to maximize synergy with the OOI in terms of utilization of physical and virtual assets (cyberinfrastructure), to strengthen the overall OOI mission, and enhance the scientific and societal value of this major oceanographic research effort. The outcome of the workshop will be a report that we envision will form the foundation for a community white paper. The latter will provide strong justification for a global biogeochemical flux component of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (GBF-OOI), describe its scientific goals, and articulate how such a program could be realized.
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OtherGlobal Intercomparability in a Changing Ocean: An International Time‐Series Methods Workshop(Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) Program and International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), 2013-11)Ocean time-series represent one of the most valuable tools scientists have to characterize and quantify ocean carbon fluxes and biogeochemical processes and their links to changing climate. In order to acquire a more thorough understanding of natural cycles and human-driven changes in the global oceans, it is important that time-series methodologies (sampling and analytical protocols) be transparent and consistent. This workshop provided an opportunity to convene representatives from global marine biogeochemical time-series sites to review current methodologies being used at the sites, with the aim of standardizing sampling and analytical protocols for key biogeochemical parameters being measured across sites.
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OtherThe molecular biology of biogeochemistry : using molecular methods to link ocean chemistry with biological activity(OCB Project Office, 2010-11)This workshop will convene molecular biologists and biogeochemists to determine what genomic and proteomic tools can be applied to important problems in the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles of the ocean through an understanding of how microbes and primary producers interact with their physical and chemical environment.
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OtherNew Frontiers in Southern Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research(OCB Project Office, 2009-06)This Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) scoping workshop in Princeton, New Jersey, will focus on carbon cycling and marine ecosystems in the context of climate variability in the Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in the global climate system owing to its unique physical, biogeochemical, and ecological features. The region is undergoing substantial changes in response to climate trends and variability, and future changes are expected to exert substantial impacts on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem processes of the Antarctic. Despite increased efforts to understand these processes, significant discrepancies still exist between models and observations, and a number of key processes remain poorly quantified. There is a clear and increasing need to develop a coordinated approach that advances our understanding of climate variability in the Southern Ocean and its implications for ecosystem dynamics and biogeochemical cycling. The overall objective of this Scoping Workshop will be to facilitate interaction between the physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystem research communities to develop research strategies to resolve current limitations, gaps and discrepancies in our understanding and prediction of the Southern Ocean ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles and carbon uptake.
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Working PaperNSF EarthCube Workshop for Shipboard Ocean Time Series Data Meeting Report(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2020-02) Benway, Heather M. ; Buck, Justin J. H. ; Fujieki, Lance ; Kinkade, Danie ; Lorenzoni, Laura ; Schildhauer, Mark ; Shepherd, Adam ; White, AngelicquePrior to the OceanObs’19 Meeting, the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office planned and hosted an NSF EarthCube Workshop focused on shipboard ocean time series data (https://www.us-ocb.org/earthcube-workshop-ocean-time-series-data/). Data synthesis and modeling efforts across ocean time series represent important and necessary steps forward in broadening our view of a changing ocean, and maximizing the return on our continued investment in these programs. Despite the scientific insights and technology advances of the past couple of decades, significant barriers remain that hinder important synthesis work across time series. This workshop convened 37 participants, including seagoing oceanographers, data managers, and experts in data science and informatics. The goal of the workshop was to identify key ocean time series data challenges related to access and discoverability, metadata reporting, interoperability across databases, and broadening users; and developing recommendations to address those challenges. The workshop adopted the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable; Wilkinson et al., 2016) Guiding Principles to frame these issues, and included presentations on existing data models and use of controlled vocabularies, guidelines and frameworks for conducting data synthesis and establishing community best practices, and existing and planned ocean time series data products.
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OtherObserving biogeochemical cycles at global scales with profiling floats and gliders(OCB Project Office, 2009-04)This Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Scoping Workshop focused on the implementation of a long-term observing system for marine biogeochemistry using chemical and biological sensors deployed on autonomous platforms, such as profiling floats, gliders or other long-endurance autonomous vehicles. Several chemical and biological sensors can now be deployed for months to years in the ocean on floats and gliders. These systems are becoming sufficiently affordable that it is possible to envision biogeochemical sensor networks with hundreds of nodes or more, similar to the current Argo network of 3000 floats. This will allow the development of basin-scale and, ultimately, global-scale observing systems. These sensor networks will permit ocean scientists to quantitatively observe fundamental biogeochemical processes such as rates of nutrient supply, net community production, physical controls on bloom development (e.g. the Sverdrup Hypothesis), dynamics of oxygen minimum zones and their impacts on denitrification, and carbon export throughout the ocean with a level of detail hitherto impossible. The spatial and temporal responses of these processes to climate oscillations and greenhouse gas forcing will be observed with a resolution that is simply not possible when observations are limited to ships. An integrated observing system that combines in situ sensors deployed on long endurance platforms with satellite sensors and data-assimilating, biogeochemical-ecological models would provide previously unachievable constraints on the carbon cycle and its sensitivity to a changing climate. It would transform ocean biogeochemistry. These capabilities are developing rapidly but they are not yet widely appreciated by the ocean science community. This Scoping Workshop had four specific goals: 1) to provide carbon cycle scientists with a critical review of currently existing technologies, their strengths, their weaknesses, and expected developments, 2) to identify problems that can only be solved with these types of observations over several years and to then discuss experiments that could be implemented in the near-term to address these topics, 3) to outline the requirements for a long-term observing system based on in situ sensors, satellites and data-assimilating models to monitor biogeochemical processes on a global scale, and 4) to identify factors limiting development of proven sensors and unmet technical developments required to expand our capability to an integrated observing system.
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OtherOcean acidification(OCB Project Office, 2007-10)The goal of this workshop was to bring together researchers to discuss potential ocean acidification research projects that support the OCB mission. We specifically wanted to move toward specific implementation strategies to address the many research gaps and unknowns about ocean acidification that have been identified in previous workshops.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 1, no. 1(OCB Project Office, 2008)Hutchins, D. Ocean Acidification or CO2 Fertilization?
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 1, no. 2(OCB Project Office, 2008)Ho, DT and CL Sabine. Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 2, no. 1(OCB Project Office, 2009)Church, M, R Bidigare, J Dore, D Karl, M Landry, R Letelier, and R Lukas. The Ocean is HOT: 20 years of Hawaii Ocean Time-Series Research in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 2, no. 2(OCB Project Office, 2009)Smith, WO, S Tozzi, A Shields, J Dreyer, J Peloquin, and V Asper. Interannual, Seasonal, and Event-Scale Variability in the Ross Sea.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 3, no. 1(OCB Project Office, 2010)Najjar, R, DE Butman, WJ Cai, MAM Friedrichs, KD Kroeger, A Mannino, PA Raymond, J Salisbury, DC, Vandemark and P Vlahos. Carbon Budget for the Continental Shelf of the Eastern United States: A Preliminary Synthesis.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 3, no. 2(OCB Project Office, 2010)Mathis, JT and NR Bates. The Marine Carbon Cycle of the Arctic Ocean: Some Thoughts About The Controls on Air-Sea CO2 Exchanges and Responses to Ocean Acidification.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 3, no. 3(OCB Project Office, 2010)Coble, PG, LL Robbins, KL Daly, and WJ Cai. A Preliminary Carbon Budget for the Gulf of Mexico.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 4, no. 1(OCB Project Office, 2011)Honjo, S and TI Eglinton. Global Biogeochemical Flux Observatory: Tasks, Strategy and Emerging Technologies.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 4, no. 2(OCB Project Office, 2011)McKinley, G, N Urban, V Bennington, D Pilcher, and C McDonald. Preliminary Carbon Budgets for the Laurentian Great Lakes.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 4, no. 3(OCB Project Office, 2011)Deutsch, C. Improving Model Predictions of Ocean Biogeochemistry.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 5, no. 1(OCB Project Office, 2012)Alin, S, S Siedlecki, B Hales, J Mathis, W Evans, M Stukel, G Gaxiola-Castro, J Martin Hernandez-Ayon, L Juranek, M Goñi, G Turi, J Needoba, E Mayorga, Z Lachkar, N Gruber, J Hartmann, N Moosdorf, R Feely, and F Chavez. Coastal Carbon Synthesis for the Continental Shelf of the North American Pacific Coast (NAPC): Preliminary Results.
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OtherOcean Carbon and Biogeochemistry News, vol. 5, no. 2(OCB Project Office, 2012)Goericke, R and T Koslow. CalCOFI – A 63-Year-Old Ocean Observing System.