Auxiliary material for Paper 2010PA002022

Application of an inverse method to interpret 231Pa/230Th observations from marine sediments

Andrea Burke
MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA

Olivier Marchal
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA

Louisa I. Bradtmiller
Department of Environmental Studies, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA

Jerry F. McManus
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York, USA

Roger François
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Burke, A., O. Marchal, L. I. Bradtmiller, J. F. McManus, and R. François (2011), Application of an inverse method to interpret 231Pa/230Th observations from marine sediments, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1212, doi:10.1029/2010PA002022.

Introduction
The auxiliary material contains six figures and a text file giving an explanation of the finite difference forms of the differential equations used in the circulation model (volume conservation, thermal wind relationships, and the linear vorticity balance) and the equation of the advection scavenging model and a list of references for additional 231Pa/230Th data from Holocene sediments used to compare to water column [Pa].

1. 2010pa02022-txts01.doc
Text S1 contains two appendices: Appendix 1 contains additional information on finite difference forms, and Appendix 2 contains additional references.

2. 2010pa02022-fs01.pdf
Figure S1 shows diagnostics of the modern circulation inversion (with prior LNM = 3000 m). (a) Adjustments to the prior estimates of the individual volume transports (U,V,W).  (b) Residuals in the dynamical constraints and adjustments to the observational estimates of the volume transports of NADW and of the integrated meridional transport at 36º N,  24º N, and 32º S.   In both panels (a,b) the adjustments or residuals are normalized to the corresponding prior uncertainty (Table 1) and the abscissa is an arbitrary counter.

3. 2010pa02022-fs02.pdf
Figure S2 shows posterior uncertainties for the horizontal circulation between 2000 and 3000 m (solution with prior LNM = 3000).

4. 2010pa02022-fs03.pdf
Figure S3 shows posterior uncertainties for the horizontal circulation between 4000 and 5000 m (solution with prior LNM = 3000).

5. 2010pa02022-fs04.pdf
Figure S4 shows (a) partition coefficient (kPa) at 12 stations in the Atlantic Ocean (deeper than 1000 m) computed from paired measurements of particulate and total 231Pa activity.  The rank correlation coefficient (Kendall tau or tau) and its p-value are shown for stations where n>2. p-values greater than 0.05 indicate that kPa data do not increase or decrease with depth at the 5% significance level. (b)  Geographic locations of stations in the Atlantic Ocean with paired measurements of particulate and total 231Pa activity labeled with the depth averaged value of kPa (dimensionless).  40º S is shown by a solid line. (c)  Geographic locations of stations in the Atlantic Ocean with measurements of particulate 230Th activity ([Th]P, in dpm/m3) labeled with the depth averaged value of [Th]P.  

6. 2010pa02022-fs05.pdf
Figure S5 shows a plot of measured [Pa] (dpm/m3) against the objectively mapped [Pa] at the same data locations.

7. 2010pa02022-fs06.pdf
Figure S6 shows the adjustment of reconstructed 231Pa activity, [Pa], in bottom water near core locations to the modern circulation for the Holocene (top), LGM (middle), and H1 (bottom) (red crosses).  [Pa] was objectively mapped from an extended data set that includes the recent 231Pa/230Th record from the Cape Basin [Negre et al., 2010]. The adjustments to the modern circulation of the objectively mapped [Pa] from the sediment data sets excluding data of Negre et al. [2010] are shown for comparison (black triangles).  In both cases, [Pa] is reconstructed from sedimentary 231Pa/230Th using equation (9) and taking an average value of water column particulate 230Th measured in the Atlantic Ocean.