Cruise Report . CC-115 Scientific Activities Undertaken - SSV Corwith Cramer Lisbon, Portugal - Funchal, Madeira - Port Royal, Antigua - Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas November 29, 1990 to January 7, 1991 ; ~ Sea Education Association - Woods Hole, Massachusetts Q c· • .. ... Q c· Table of Contents J?r~jfaL<:~ ....•.•.••.•....•.••••...•.•....•••••..•••.•.••.•.••••.••••.•.••..•• 1 Academic and Research Program ........................... 5 Cruise Narrative ...................................................... 8 Figures ......................................................... Blue Section AI>I>endices .................................................. Red Section o i .~ o o Preface This cruise report outlines the scientific research and academic program conducted on board SSV Corwith Cramer during late fall of 1990. The full ship's complement for this cruise is presented in Table 1. C-115 was captained by John C. Wigglesworth. John proved to be an able and hard- working skipper. He was particularly supportive of our oceanographic mission and provided frequent and reasonable council throughout the cruise. In many ways we worked well together. John was assisted by mates Rex McKeever, Dave Bank and Sean Bercaw. Rex was a real veteran of SEA cruises and his quiet confidence and skills were in evidence throughout our trip. I particularly appreciated his thoughtful and gentle approach to teaching and student advising. Our second mate, Dave, brought the character and style of the traditional mate to role on this trip. A handy seaman and skilled boat handler, he also provided a robust sense of humor and appreciation of the absurd. Sean served as bosun throughout our trip and kept Corwith Cramer in fine condition throughout. Our engineer, Dan Lehman, was also an old hand to Corwith Cramer and served well in this regard. Our steward, Rick Jones, worked hard through all manner of weather extremes to keep the galley running and everyone well-fed. We are all particularly thankful for his efforts during this trip. I am especially happy to acknowledge the efforts of the scientific staff on this trip. Tim Kenna, Ed Lyman and Heidi Lovett performed excellently while dealing with some difficult supervisory, equipment and planning situations. I believe all members of the crew worked especially hard during this cruise, bringing enthusiasm to both their teaching and working tasks. . The students of C-115 certainly benefitted from such an accomplished and pleasant crew. As Chief Scientist, I thank all involved for a most interesting and educational experience. Table I. Ship's Complement for SSV Corwith Cramer Cruise C-115 Nautical Staff John Wigglesworth Rex McKeever Dave Bank Sean Bercaw Dan Lehman Rick Jones Scientific Staff R. Jude Wilber Tim Kenna Ed Lyman Heidi Lovett Students Peter Auerbach Joan Brazier Heather Burt Craig Busby Hillary Cochrane David Coler Carin Cutler Kim Gallagher Julia Gutreuter Terry Henry Liesl Hotaling Bill Kaericher Eleanor Kinney Beth MacDonald Marko Melendy Rebeka Rand Allison Scheier Jocelyn Stamat Kristin Stone Captain First Mate Second Mate Third Mate Engineer Steward Chief Scientist First Scientist Second Scientist Third Scientist Swarthmore College Connecticut College Wesleyan University Colgate University Cornell University Franklin and Marshall College University of Michigan SUNY - College of New York Cornell University University of the Virgin Islands Fairleigh Dickinson University Kenyon College Yale University Cornell University Unity College Southeastern Massachusetts University Mount Holyoke College Harvard/Radcliffe University University of New Hampshire 2 Q Table 2 - Noon and Midnight Positions, SSV Corwith Cramer, Cruise CC-llS Date Time Log (nm) Latitude (W Longitude COW 11-28/90 1200 0 Alongside, Lisbon, Portugal 11-29/90 0000 45 38.04 10.14 11-29/90 1200 135 37.43 11.66 11-30/90 0000 198 36.80 12.73 11-30/90 1200 223 36.68 13.60 12-01/90 0000 243 36.61 13.81 12-01/90 1200 296 36.16 15.37 12-02/90 0000 362 35.70 16.61 12-02/90 1200 396 35.34 17.26 12-03/90 0000 438 34.74 17.26 12-03/90 1200 474 34.21 17.31 12-04/90 0000 533 33.23 16.89 12-04/90 1200 Alongside, Funchal, Madeira 12-05/90 0000 Alongside, Funchal, Madeira 12-05/90 1200 Alongside, Funchal, Madeira 12-06/90 0000 Alongside, Funchal, Madeira 12-06/90 1200 Alongside, Funchal, Madeira 12-07/90 0000 609 32.18 16.69 12-07/90 1200 664 31.23 16.28 12-08/90 0000 718 30.45 16.03 12-08/90 1200 767 30.15 15.82 12-09/90 0000 811 29.99 15.85 12-09/90 1200 869 29.18 16.36 12-10/90 0000 920 28.70 17.27 12-10/90 1200 991 27.58 17.73 12-11/90 0000 1056 26.78 18.20 12-11/90 1200 1120 25.63 18.93 12-12/90 0000 1190 24.53 19.29 12-12/90 1200 1253 23.50 20.08 12-13/90 0000 1301 22.66 20.59 12-13/90 1200 1355 22.01 21.25 12-14/90 0000 1422 21.05 22.03 12-14/90 1200 1485 20.28 23.03 12-15/90 0000 1558 19.90 23.98 12-15/90 1200 1621 20.00 25.07 12-16/90 0000 1672 19.81 26.24 12-16/90 1200 1742 19.39 27.58 0 12-17/90 0000 1804 18.93 28.48 12-17/90 1200 1864 18.62 29.07 12-18/90 0000 1927 18.10 30.82 ., 12-18/90 1200 1999 17.64 32.19 12-19/90 0000 2064 17.47 33.19 3 12-19/90 1200 2130 16.94 34.10 12-20/90 0000 2193 17.16 35.41 12-20/90 1200 2260 17.60 36.48 12-21/90 0000 2325 17.57 37.82 12-21/90 1200 2400 16.91 39.33 12-22/90 0000 2471 16.63 40.55 12-22/90 1200 2535 16.20 41.73 12-23/90 0000 2597 16.05 42.73 12-23/90 1200 2652 16.06 43.81 12-24/90 0000 2750 16.09 45.94 12-24/90 1200 2821 16.11 47.17 12-25/90 0000 2890 15.79 48.47 12-25/90 1200 2968 15.14 48.82 12-26/90 0000 3002 15.18 50.28 12-26/90 1200 3086 15.77 51.58 12-27/90 0000 3168 16.12 53.22 12-27/90 1200 3256 15.62 55.02 12-28/90 0000 3345 16.04 56.63 12-28/90 1200 3433 16.54 58.27 12-29/90 0000 3522 16.82 60.01 12-29/90 1200 Alongside, Nelson's D'Yard, Antigua 12-30/90 0000 Alongside, Nelson's D'Yard, Antigua 12-30/90 1200 Alongside, Nelson's D'Yard, Antigua 12-31/90 0000 Alongside, Nelson's D'Yard, Antigua 12-31/90 1200 Alongside, Nelson's D'Yard, Antigua 01-01/91 0000 Alongside, Nelson's D'Yard, Antigua 9 01-01/91 1200 Alongside, Nelson's D'Yard, Antigua 01-02/91 0000 Alongside, Nelson's D'Tard, Antigua 01-02/91 1200 3641 17.13 61.21 01-03/91 0000 3722 17.31 63.28 01-03/91 1200 3759 17.30 63.37 01-04/91 0000 3790 17.27 63.48 01-04/91 1200 At Anchor, Virgin Gorda 01-05/91 0000 At Anchor, Virgin Gorda 01-05/91 1200 Drake Sound 01-06/91 0000 At Anchor, Coral Bay, St. John's 01-06/91 1200 At Anchor, Coral Bay, St. John's 01-07/91 0000 At Anchor, Coral Bay, St. John's 01-07/91 1200 Alongside, Charlotte Amalie, St. T. • 4 Q ~ Academic and Research Program A 24-hour science watch was maintained throughout the six week period of SSV Corwith Cramer cruise CC-115. These watches consisted of teams of three students and one or two members of the scientific staff. Students were instructed in the use of sampling gear and scientific procedure encompassing many aspects of physical, geological, chemical, and biological oceanography. Instruction was provided while performing work for project research. Students were sufficiently familiar with scientific procedures after four weeks to largely assume responsibility for operations during the last weeks of the cruise. Formal instruction was provided on a daily basis through lectures given by the scientific staff. Lecture topics were designed to cover aspects of oceanography appropriate for the cruise track and research projects and not readily acquired from practical experience. A list of topics covered at sea is included below. Oceanographic studies undertaken during this cruise were developed during the six weeks prior to the cruise through directed literature research and seminars. The goal was to "take advantage" of the intrinsically interesting oceanographic opportunities offered by the cruise track. A mix of projects which were outlined on shore were taken to sea to be developed as time and the environment allowed. Every oceanographic station was made for the purpose of actual research; no sample was taken solely for the purpose of demonstration. In this way, students were given the opportunity to learn by participation in the actual research activities. A list of project work undertaken during this cruise is found in Table 2. CC-115 was comprised of two three-week courses in oceanography. The on-board experience was preceded by a six-week course in oceanography on shore. Successful completion of the entire SEA Semester program (seventeen academic credits) includes eleven credit-hours in oceanography. Letter grades for each of the two shipboard courses were determined via staff evaluation of on-watch performance, project research and examinations. • Introduction! Cruise Plan (Wilber) • Ocean Acoustic Tomography (Wilber) • Climate Change and Sea Level Cycles I (Wilber) • Climate Change and Sea Level Cycles II (Wilber) • The Art and Science of Crustacean ID (Kenna) • Life at Deep-Sea Vents (Wilber) • Introduced Species in Marine Environments (Wilber • Geology of Madeira (Field Trip) (Wilber) • Carbonate Banks, Atolls and Platforms (Wilber) • Research Results: Saba Bank (Wilber) • Oceanography from Space I (Wilber) • Oceanography from Space II (Wilber) • Those Nasty Ole Hagfish (Lyman) • Classification and Biology of Sea Turtles (Lovett) • Low Pressure Storms at Sea (Wigglesworth) 5 Table 3 - Oceanographic Research Projects Undertaken During CC-115 Proiect u Data Analvsis The Bathymetry and Seismic Facies of the Salvage Island Platforms Sedimentary Processes and Sedimentary Facies of the Salvage Island Platforms. Air-Sea Interactions over the Eastern North Atlantic. A High Resolution Study of Eastern North Atlantic Hydrostratigraphy with Emphasis on the Madeira Mode Water. A CTD Study of the Eastern North Atlantic Hydrostratigraphy with Emphasis on the Mediterranean Water. An Investigation of the Core Properties and Firie Structure of Mediterranean Water in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Surface Salinity Trends on a Trans-Atlantic Section with Emphasis on the Formation of Salinity Maximum Water. 6 • David Coler Bill Kaericher Kristin Stone (Jude Wilber) Craig Busby Terry Henry Jocelyn Stamat (Tim Kenna) Peter Aurbach Heather Burt Ali Scheirer (Heidi Lovett) Liesl Hotaling Marko Melendy Karin Cutler (Lovett) Beth MacDonald Julia Gutreuter Hillary Cochrane John Burt (Kenna) Rebeka Rand Eleanor Kinney Kim Gallagher (Lyman) Craig Busby Beth MacDonald Hillary Cochrane (Kenna) .. Q An Investigation of Neuston Organisms on a trans-Atlantic Section during Early Winter with Emphasis on Halobates Distribution. An Investigation of Tar and Plastic in the Neuston Layer on a trans-Atlantic Section. A CTD Investigation of the Subsurface Salinity Maximum Water on a trans-Atlantic Section. An Investigation of the Bathymetry, Seismic Facies and Sediment of Saba Bank. Marko Melendy Ali Scheirer Carin Cutler Liesl Hotaling David Coler Rebeka Rand Kristin Stone (Lyman, Kenna) Eleanor Kinney Bill Kaericher Virginia Land (Lyman) Virginia Land Peter Aurbach Heather Burt (Lyman) EVERYONE !! The research program of CC-llS was designed to permit collection of physical, chemical, biological and geological data from several distinct oceanographic areas of the Eastern North Atlantic. The cruise track (Fig. 1; Table 3) offered the. rare opportunity to sample from the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea, through the Canary Current and Meddies, and on a long section across the entire central Atlantic. Our research efforts ended in the Caribbean Sea with an extensive team project on Saba bank. It was, on first consideration, a vary monotonous trip but our research results revealed a surprising degree of intricacy along and below this cruise track. Our research program was centered around topics investigated during the shore component. These topics offered both the possibility for.original observations and measurements within the scope of the Cramer's capabilities and potentially significant results. Data and ideas were shared between projects through formal and informal project discussions. Project research was addressed on a team basis consisting of three students and a scientific advisor, an approach which was experimental for SEA Semester. I believe the students and staff of CC-llS did an exceptional job in embracing this method and I believe the educational and scientific results of this cruise provide a strong testimony to this fact. 7 Cruise Narrative Lisbon to Madeira CC-115 began late in the day of Tuesday, November 27th when we pulled away from our berth in Lisbon's inner harbor (and most of the Soviet fishing fleet) and entered the flood of the Tagus River Estuary. After taking on fuel we anchored for dinner and a good night's sleep. The following day dawned sunny and calm and, after completing orientation and drills, we headed out to sea on a bearing which would become oh-so-familiar to us on this trip - 270°. Before us lay the North Atlantic Ocean at its greatest breadth. Our leave-taking of Portugal was calm but the next 6 days were not. CC-115 got a taste of the stormy winter Atlantic within 24 hours. A pair of LOs conspired to place Cramer in a highly undesirable position - that of fighting a head wind in a very confused sea. No sooner had operations begun when most were suspended as mal de mar and the seas took their toll. Three days out Cramer suffered minor damage during a fire in the mainmast boot. The rapid response of our engineer, Dan Lehman, prevented further damage. The cause of the fire was linked to the overheating of a couple of the hardwood wedges which held the mast in position - at least one of these was clearly turned to charcoal. In the aftermath of this, deck boxes began to break loose and things started falling from the rigging. We decided to seek shelter and re-assess our plans. Our first scheduled port stop was to be in the Canaries but we headed for Madeira of necessity. Here we found a snug harbor and a beautiful, intriguing island. During our stay, city of Funchal installed one of the most high-wattage Christmas light I have ever seen - a project which apparently kept the public workforce busy most of December! In addition to our time in the capital city two field trips over and around the island were completed in a study of the local geology and other interesting stuff. Captain John Wigglesworth located the local weather station and kept a very close eye on the storms in the area. A 'window of opportunity' opened for us on the 6th of December and Cramer left Madeira under clear, calm skies. lriterms of our scientific efforts the cruise really began this night. The Salvage Is lands First on our agenda was the desolate and mysterious Salvage Islands. Although historically well-known we could find essentially no scientific information on these intriguing "rocks". Dave Coler, Bill Kaericher (Und Frans, Und Hans) combined with Kristin Stone in working exceptionally hard on the bathymetry and seismic facies of the platforms. For this project we collected - 200 line-km of 3.5 khz seismic data over a period of two days. These data resulted in two interpretations of the bathymetry of this area. Figure 2 shows the "two platforms with saddle" view while Figure 3 shows the "three peaks" interpretation. Figure 4 is a profile view derived from Figure 3 along the line A-A'. The entire vessel worked very well in collecting the data (Figs. 6-8) used in this project which was a particularly challenging combination of sailing and science for our initial oceanographic work on this cruise. The figures presented here are the first detailed bathymetric charts produced for this area. Examining the modern benthic environment of the platforms also proved to be a challenging endeavor. For this project the trio of Steve Busby, Terry Henry, and Jocelyn Stamat 8 in close consultation with Tim (Lab Man) Kenna were pressed into service. Our sampling sites are shown in Figure 5. The five samples acquired during a hairy ride close to the rocks covered the range from bank-top to middle slope - an ahnost ideal spread for the survey work we attempted. Results of the sedimentological analysis are shown in Figuies 9 and 10. A swnmary of the facies transition identified along the southern margin of Salvegem Grande platform is shown in Figure 11. The findings of this project were most unexpected. The data revealed a carbonate-dominated bank top - this at a latitude of 30° N and under the direct influence of a "cold" geostrophic current (Canary Current). To be sure, the type of carbonate-producing organisms we found were different from those known to dominate western North Atlantic systems but one familiar player - red algae, in the form of rhodoliths - was found to dominate the bank-top facies. To the south, two other sedimentary facies, both dominated by carbonate sediment were identified on the slope. Althoughthe seismic data did not show any significant build-up of slope sediment it was clear from our findings that the Salvage Islands platforms have gone through at least one phase of "over-production" and "export" of carbonate sediment during the post-Wisconsin sea level rise. Amazingly, this information these platforms in the same class as other "shedder" carbonate platforms known from the western North Atlantic and Caribbean (Fig. 12). Air-Sea Interactions Despite getting our butts kicked during the first week, Cramer did continue to collect basic data on air-sea interactions. Ultimately this effort produced one of the most illustrative data sets on our trip. We called on Peter Aurbach, Heather Burt and Ali Scheirer, under the able direction of Professor Ed Lyman to draw out the importance of this information. Their findings are presented in Figures 13-17. Figure 13 shows a map of our daily positions during the first three weeks of the trip. This period covered most of our latitudinal drop from the mid-:30s to our old friend, 16° N' latitude. Air temperature data for this period was plotted against both log reading and cruise hour. Clear patterns on at least three different time/space scales emerged from this work (Fig. 14). The first of these is the "Big Picture" trend ofTa increasing with decreasing latitude as we approached the tropics (Fig. 14A). A number of well-defined "mesoscale" data trends (sharp rises, flats, drops) are observed when Ta is plotted vs. cruise hour (Fig. 14B). These trends are closely correlated to mesoscale atmospheric events - specifically the movement of Lo pressure storms over the eastern Atlantic and their cyclonic circulation patterns. Finally, as lower latitudes were reached, the Ta data are dominated by a-strong diel cycle with peaks in the late morning/early afternoon and lows in the late afternoon and early evening. Similar (and related!) data were also acquired on sea surface temperature (TJ. Figure 15 A shows the Big Picture trend of increasing Tswith decreasing latitude - a linear trend with almost exactly the same slope as the T a data trend. T s data is not as readily affected by mesoscale atmospheric disturbances. Rather, mesoscale e(fects are typically found in the presence of oceanic "storms" such as eddies. Although Mediterranean Water Eddies (Meddies) were encountered during our trip these are primarily mid-water features and did not affect the surface data. The only mesoscale feature identified in the Ts data was the presence of the Azores Front encountered early in our first week. All the data from Madeira on is characterized by a strong diel cycle (Fig. 15B). This cycle is less regular than that found for T a' At times this cycle was "in phase" with the T a cycle 9 -(Fig. ISC) but often gave the impression of a "climbing sine wave" moving through the T data . s (Fig. ISB). Because of the constant motion of the Cramer we were unable to isolate either the temporal or spatial variables to further investigate this idea. Based on the combined data set we hypothesized that the Ts cycle we observed was related to and probably driven by the TA cycle. The unevenness in the diel signal of surface temperature may well be related to lag times associated with feedback mechanisms operating between the two systems. Trends in barometric pressure (P J were examined in conjunction with wind patterns (Fig. 16). An expected Big Picture trend in Pb is all but obscured in our data by the mesoscale effects related to LO pressure storms. In particular, the LOs of December 1st and December 9th are well represented. The pressure "rebound" from this second storm (and subsequent linear decline for the remainder of the data) is the only vestige of the expected High-to-Iow latitudinal trend. This group of data are best described as a "fuzzy envelop" of values which, when expended, shows very well-developed diurnal cycles. (Fib. 16B). For much of this leg the PB data are characterized by "10 o'clock highs" and S o'clock lows". These cycles are the results of atmospheric tidal effects which are commonly best developed in tropical areas - free from the mesoscale disruption of the mid-latitude mixing energy. Some of our most graphic data is found in Figure 17. Here, P B is plotted against Beaufort Force (FJ. A strong linear trend is found with an R2 of .92. These data clearly show the relationship between mesoscale LO pressure stroms and mixing energy in the eastern Atlantic. Hydrostratigraphy of the Eastern Atlantic Once we had weathered the storms and Madeira and were truly underway, CC-llS began a regular program of MBTs and CTDs. The goal of this work was the investigation of the hydrostratigraphy (water layers) of the eastern North Atlantic on, a number of different spatial scales. Because of the rapid transit of Cramer through the area, we assumed that all data were essentially time-equivalent. Clearly such an assumption would not work for the surface ocean and atmospheric data but was generally applicable for our water column work. From the data collected, three projects were addressed. The first of these took the form of the "300 m Temperature Section". For this, CC-llS turned to Liesl Hotaling, Marko Melendy and Karin Cutler under the direction of Heidi Lovett. This group worked exceptionally hard and diligently in compiling the section shown in Figure 18. One of the most difficult tasks of this project was assessing the quality of the data. In using an old MBT we had the advantage of reliability and durability but some serious problems in precision were encountered. Thus the identification and elimination of "artifacts" from the data proved trying. The results were well worth it. Figure 18 presents a very rare view of two "pools" of Madeira Mode Water (MMW) - the eastern Atlantic equivalent of the more voluminous and well-known 180 Water of the Sargasso Sea. In the early part of the section (MBTs 1&2) we found a 170 thermostad extending from the surface to nearly 100 m. This is clearly the 1990-1991 MMW in the making - just starting its intrusion to the south and west of the area of formation (which Cramer just" grazed" in our initial westward surge, Figure 19). Between BT 6 and 26 a 170 thermostad, -100 m thick, is found below the surface pool oflight, tropical water. This is most likely the 1989-90 MMW. 10 Sinking of this water the previous year, in combination with southerly and westerly transport by the regional flow regime has extended the 17° water from above 35° N to at least 20° N. Where the 300 m section aimed for a high-resolution picture of temperature, the "2000 m Hydrographic Sections" project was aimed at a lower-resolution picture of the entire upper and middle water column. One of the primary objectives of this work was the investigation of the Mediterranean Water in the Eastern Atlantic and the search for the ever-elusive Meddies. In this effort Beth MacDonald, Julia Gutreutter, Hillary Cochrane and John Burt (with Tim Kenna) addressed an extremely large data set. Sixteen CTDs acquired in the Canary Current and Mediterranean Eddy field were analyzed to produce a 2000 m section for temperature, salinity, and density. The data were contoured by hand (A parts in Figures 20-22) and electronically processed using SURFER software (B parts in Fig 20-22). The temperature sections revealed a highly-stratified water column with the degree of stratification increasing toward the tropics. The primary large-scale structure observed is the "10°C" thermostad found near 1200 m in the early part of the section. This layer severely disrupts the "normal" temperature structure of the region and pinches out in a southerly direction. Waves in the 9° and 10° isotherms suggest higher-order structures present in the layer but resolution of these by temperature alone is poor. The salinity section (Fig. 19) presents some of the most interesting data collected on our trip. Here, the 10° thermostad layer is clearly defined as a salinity-maximum layer centered at 1200 m. In addition, it seems that the high-salinity layer is not uniform but rather consists of a series of discrete, regional, high-salinity zones. These sections show the influence of Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) on the regional hydrostratigraphy. In much the same way that MMW sinks to its equilibrium density level and becomes entrained to the south, MOW also sinks but to a much deeper depth. The volume of MOW is at least an order of magnitude greater than that of MMW but its intrusion is more latitudinally limited. Rather than the well~developed lens seen for MMW, the MOW breaks up to the south and is entirely absent by CTD-lO. The break-up MOW results in discrete pools of relatively "pure" MOW known as Meddies separated by zones of relatively diluted (lower salinity) MOW. Finally, it can be seen from the density section that, despite major variability in both the temperature and salinity sections, the 'compensating effect' of these two results in a well-stratified water column with isopycnal surfaces gently sloping opposite to both the T and S isolines. From the CTD data emerged a project devoted (and I ·do mean devoted) to examination of the "core" characteristics of the MOW. For this work, Drs. Rand, Kinney and Gallagher were pressed into service under the wise tutelage of Ed Lyman. Using highly expanded CTD views of the core zone of the MOW (Figs. 23-24), these investigators uncovered a number of extremely interesting relationships. First, the temperature and salinity anomaly associated with the MOW is strongest and "simplest" in the core of MOW found closest to the Straits of Gibraltar. Second, a number of sections were relatively unaffected by the MOW. Third, and most intriguing, was the degree of fine structure found in the core areas of "distal" MOW. 11 The fine structure is revealed in both the T -Z and S-Z profiles (Figs. 23A, 24A) but is most graphically apparent on the T -S plot shown in Figure 24B. Here, it is clearly seen that microlayers of relatively pure MOW interdigitate with the surrounding 'diluted' MOW. The signature of the pure MOW digits is seen on the T -S diagram as a series of 'left-hand' digits in the T -S data - these defined by rising temperature in conjunction with rising salinity. On some profiles as many as five microlayers are found within the core of the MOW. This "shuffling" of microlayers of water of different salinity and temperature (but equal density) is similar to the "thin layer dynamics" found along the edges of Warm Core (Gulf Stream) Eddies in contact with Shelf and Slope waters on the western side of the Atlantic. Definition of the fine structure of the MOW was both an exacting and challenging project for all involved. In addition, this work has produced a unique data set for future work on the "far side" of the Atlantic. Crossing That Big Ocean There ... By December 15th we had been to sea for nearly three weeks and had logged over 1500 nm. We had accomplished many of our scientific goals on the eastern side of the ocean but were still looking at 2000 nm before our first Antillean landfall. For the next two weeks. Cramer turned with devotion to the business of moving west. Our sampling during this period was limited to Neuston Tows, Surface Stations and an occasional CTD. From these data, three projects were fashioned. The first of these was focused on surface salinity trends as an indicator of our oceanographic neighborhood. This project was addressed by Craig Busby, Beth MacDonald, Hillary Cochrane and Tim Kenna. In this effort three different methods of determining surface salinity were employed and tested. The first of these was measurement of replicates of bucket samples using the salinometer (which Professor Kenna recalled from the grave at least twice during the crossing). These data are shown in Figure 25A. In general, the replicate samples from each station provided closely-matched data on salinity. The quality of our bottle data was assessed via statistical analysis which determined the"~" value or difference in S found between station replicates. These data are shown in Figure 25B. In general, replicate values fell within .01 -.1 ppt. Considering that replicates were always measured on entirely separate salinity runs (often days apart) this shows remarkable quality control on this analysis. Unusually high ~ values were encountered in some sample pairs and the decision to use either the A or B bottle was made in view of regional salinity trends (Fig. 25A). The overall trend in surface salinity shows a latitudinally-related rise in S values between Lisbon and the Canary Islands. As a surface pool of salinity max water was encountered near the Canaries, we turned west. From here to the other side of the Atlantic two important findings were revealed. First, the salinity max pool of the central subtropical Atlantic is broken by relatively low- salinity water (low 36 ppt values) near the Mid -Atlantic Ridge (cruise hour 450 in Figure 25A). To the west of the ridge, the surface Sal Max returns, 0.1 to 0.2 ppt stronger than to the east of the ridge. In much the same fashion that our investigation of the MMW demonstrated the compartmentalization of the North Atlantic by the ridge, the two part division of the surface Sal 12 Max is also apparently related to the ridge. Per!taps this break in the Sal Max is a function of the regional sea surface topography which, due to reduced gravity over the ridge, is elevated in mid-ocean. In addition to the bottle data, we determined surface salinity by taking extended surface readings with the CTD during deep casts. In general, the CTD surface readings were in close agreement with the bottle data (Fig. 26A). In an effort to increase the resolution of the surface salinity data set we attempted a program of "short" CTD casts using surface water in large pickle bucket. This technique had provided excellent results on a previous cruise (W -105) but we found very poor agreement between bucket casts and the other two methods of salinity determination (Fig. 26B). A bunch of bucket casts were attempted but,when the data were statistically assessed, this technique was abandoned - to the general delight of all involved. The temperature data collected in conjunction with the salinity data provided additional insights on the controls of surface salinity. The T -S plot of surface values is shown in Figure 27 and reveals trends essentially identical to the S vs Cruise Hour plot (Fig. 25A). Here, the low-salinity break near the ridge is found in the 24-25° C range. The two Sal Max pools are seen to be centered around 23° C, for the eastern pool, and 26° C for the western pool. When the early gradient in salinity is examined in conjunction with temperature, a rather surprising result is obtained. Fig 28A shows SS plotted vs density. Here it can beseen that, as' salinity increases, density decreases. The reason for this is found in the relatively more important influence of temperature increasing along this same gradient. (Fig. 28B). One of the more interesting crossing projects turned out to be our investigation of the subsurface Sal Max Water Mass (SMW), also known as Subtropical Underwater. In crossing at 16° N we had a perfect opportunity to examine E-W characteristics of this little-studied water mass. SEA has acquired the largest single data set on this water but almost all of it is from fall, cruises along 60-65° W longitude. For analysis of the SMW, Virginia-, Peter and Heather'stepped in with Ed providing the moral support. - The essence of their work is shown in Figure 29. In this figure CTDs 10-24 between longitude 18°W and 51 oW are shown and SMW is shaded. These profiles begin on the far eastern Atlantic where no Sal Max is found - only an irregular halostad between 50-250 m (CTD-I0). From CTD-12 to CTD-22 the characteristics of the "eastern basin" SMW are revealed. This layer is generally a weak, largely asymmetric layer With a poorly developed Sal Max near 70 m. In this area there is some indication that the SMW "floats" on and interfingers with a quasi-isohaline layer just below - probably a vestige of the MMW. To the west to of the ridge it is very clear that "western basin" SMW floats on the quasi-isothermal and -isohaline remnant of the western Atlantic 18° Water. In these data the trend in surface salinity is also revealed as SS is generally high (near to or greater than 37 ppt) ~o the east of the ridge. The low salinity 'stripe' around the ridge is shown in CTD 23 and 24 where SS is at or below 36 ppt. In addition to these findings we observed that both the definition and continuity of the SMW increases westward from the ridge. The value of the actual Sal Max of the layer increases significantly with longitude as seen in Figure 30A. In close association with this is a near-linear increase in the temperature at the depth of the Sal Max (Fig. 30B). These data are in agreement with our surface salinity findings in supporting a "two-pools" source for the Sal Max Water in 13 the North Atlantic. On the eastern side of the ridge the surface pool gives rise to a subsurface SMW of relatively low salinity (36.6-36.8 ppt) and low temperature (23-25° C). To the west of the ridge the surface salinity pool gives rise to a high-salinity (37.1-373 ppt) and high-temperature (26-27.5 °C) mode for this same layer. To our knowledge this is the first work to suggest "bimodal" origin/or this water mass. Neuston Happenings SEA's neuston projects have consistently produced excellent results particularly those focused on one of the long-term data sets in which SEA specializes. As with most other SEA data neuston findings are primarily from western NA cruises and from along latitudinal (N-S) gradients. CC-115 had the opportunity to investigate both a N-S gradient in the eastern North Atlantic and a long E-W gradient at the latitude of crossing - 16°N. The work of three research teams was employed in our neuston studies. Maiko, Ali and Liesl (with Ed) and David, Becca and Kristin (with Tim) turned to the extensive task of analyzing the zooplankton and other critter data from the 25 replicate tows. Eleanor, Bill and Virginia (again with Ed) anaIyzed the surface distributions of our favorite pollutants - tar and plastic. These findings are summarized in Figures 31-33. If there is one thing we learned on this crossing it was the wisdom of the expression "blue, blue, blue, dead, dead, dead". This is particularly apparent in the extremely low volume of organisms obtained in our tows - even when the net was towed at unusually high speeds or over distances greater than our standard of 1 nm. The big lesson derived from our steady sampling of the surface Atlantic during December was an appreciation of the true desert nature of the central ocean basins. In addition the "monotonous" quality of this huge ecosystem, as described by McGowan, was also readily apparent. Throughout our efforts, copepods (many clear, "counter-shaded", or a deep oceanic blue) dominated all the zooplankton (Figs. 31A, B). It made little difference in this regard if we were considering only day or only night tows. Other major constituents of the zooplankton were similarly monotonous and included euphausids, pterpods, cheatognaths and siphonophores. Our data on Halobates proved substantially more interesting (Fig. 32). Here, we discovered winter Salobates above 300N. Between 30-200N Halobates numbers increased in a generally "patchy" distribution pattern. Our major finding in this category was that the number of Halobates increases substantially below 200N latitude with a population dominated by juveniles. This is a data trend nearly identical to that determined by SEA for the western side of the ocean. Although it does not constitute "proof', these findings do support the working hypothesis that Halobates are capable of extensive latitudinal migrations to the North Equatorial Current for "spawning" purposes. Interestingly, Halobates were found in the complete absence of Sargassum - an association for which there is some data from the western side of the Atlantic. Although SEA's data set on plastic and tar is the largest of its kind we know virtually nothing about the eastern North Atlantic or the North Equatorial Current. Based on data acquired from the WNA we hypothesized that the Eastern Atlantic was primarily a zone of "input" and "throughput" where no major concentrating mechanisms exist for the build-up of the long-lived surface pollutants. Our data (Fig. 33 A, B) provide some support for this hypothesis. The highest 14 concentrations of both plastic and tar were found within the first 1200 miles of our trip (up to and near the Canary Islands). The distribution of both of these pollutants showed discrete peaks and a generally patchy distribution within this interval. The amount of plastic dropped dramatically to "0" and tar declined substantially after 1200 miles as we turned along our crossing route. The low neuston numbers for these pollutants were confirmed by visual observations of the surface waters. Both tar and plastic were qualitatively assessed for age using a numeric scale related to degree of weathering. It was found that both tar . and plastic from the Eastern Atlantic was "fresh", indicating a relatively short life in the neuton layer. These findings are in sharp contrast to the age characteristics of tar and plastic "populations" found in the central gyre of the Atlantic (Sargasso Sea). From these data we conclude that most of the tar and plastic between Lisbon and the Canaries is the result of local input via ships working the heavily traveled commercial lanes in this area. The paucity of tar and plastic in the North Equatorial Current is ascribed to the relatively "rapid transit" of tar and plastic westward in this flow field. In addition to these speculations we also observed that down-mixing energy for most of the crossing was relatively high and thus "t & p" may have been removed from the neuston layer as a result of Langmuir circulation and other down-welling processes. By the 23rd of December we had been "long at sea" with nearly 1000 nm still lying before us. At this point, with exciting data on board, most of our sampling was suspended as Cramer stretched for Antigua. Between 1200 on the 23rd and our noon arrival in Antigua on tp,e 29th we averaged over 125 miles per day ! By the time we came alongside in Port Royal, Cramer had run 3000 nm by the log - not including much of the Salvage Island work for which the log was hauled. From Madeira, we had come 2500 nm thereby completing the single longest leg of any SEA cruise! And most of it was done in what can only be described as a challenging sea. For most of our crossing, Cramer, already tail-:-heavy with water, carried short sail and rolled through an arc of nearly 500 with a beam sea running. This passage was a tribute to all who participated! Our time in Port Royal spanned the last days of 1990 and the first of 1991. We found Port Royal unusually crowded with vessels for the holidays including a number of truly world-class yachts (as Jocelyn can well attest !). In addition to enjoying the traditional island diversions CC-115 set a new (veranda) standard for project presentations as all our data were presented and discussed under the palm trees of the old fort .... Upon our departure from Antigua we turned our sights toward Saba Bank - a large and totally submerged carbonate platform to the west of volcanic Saba Island. The Great Saba Bank Affair Saba Bank has been the topic of long-term research by SEA vessels for a number of years. As a final effort of our trip a two-day program of sailing and science was formulated for Saba Bank and carried out entirely under the direction of the students of CC-115. The results of this work are seen in Figures 34 to 38. The ship's cruise track is shown in Figure 34. Along this route we collected 3.5 khz seismic data in combination with bottom samples from a variety of 15 depths. Preliminary findings on this platform had suggested that it was of the general "shedder" variety - that is a carbonate platform which had both "overproduced" and "shed" carbonate sediment during the latest sea level rise. The shedding process is thought to be critical in the history and morphologic evolution of carbonate platforms over geologic time. The results of the our work on Saba were summarized and presented to the ship's company by the chief scientist. Later, this work was expanded on by SEA staff scientists for a pair of professional presentations at a symposium on carbonate platform in the Caribbean (see abstracts in Appendix). The major findings of our work on Saba Bank reveal a highly asymmetric platform with a steep (precipitous) southern margin, a 'tilted' bank top and a long, extended northern profile (Fig. 36). This theme of 'asymmetry toward the north" set by bank morphology is echoed in a number of other bank characteristics. Sediment cover over most of the bank is thin and patchy with the southern 70% of the bank being essentially sediment-free (Fig. 37). Near the northern margin the thickest bank top deposits are found in an asymmetric bank-edge sand wedge. To the north and west of the bank edge, the slope is covered by a thick layer of muddy sediment down to a depth of 500 m. It is this blanket of sediment (and similar, older layers, Figure 36, which apparently control the asymmetric (snow-drift like) building of the platform in a northerly direction. Each layer is laid down during the shedding interval occurring during each of the many sea level changes which have marked the last 10 million years of earth history. One of the more interesting aspects of the sediment data is the discovery of a "mud max" on the slope at - 200 m depth (Fig 38). Although the mud is clearly of bank-top origin its concentration so high on the slope is anomalous when compared to the sediment distributions found along other shedding platforms. Based on these data, in conjunction with the observation that Saba Bank is a platform whose shedding edge is dominated by a strong salinity max at -200 m, we hypothesize that the pycnocline associate~ with the SMW has influenced the settling and distribution of mud. This presents fascinating possibilities for future research along the northern margin of Saba Bank. And Who Can Forget ... The remainder of our journey was wind-down and wrap-up. We sailed north to the Virgins and played awhile with the Westward, who had completed her Canaries-Antilles Leg slightly ahead of us. We anchored and swizzled in the beautiful Coral Bay ofSt. Johns and it was here that many noteworthy things came to pass. Including, of course, the great Blueberry Pie Eating Contest. In this event bold teams were stripped to the waste (!) and their hands shackled behind. In the supplicant position each team was presented with a pie at the break in the deck of dear ole Cramer. The gun sounded and the snarfling was begun! When the juice had settled one thing was clear - the heavily favored team of Buzzby and Kenna had been bested by bigger fools. The Tremendous Truffling Triplet were honored as the official winners although a strong protest was lodged by Wigglesworth and Wilber who fought through their beards (and the mean taunts of the crowd) to consume their pie before all other contestant pairs. In general, a good time was had by all. 16 The morning of January ']'h found us underway for St. Thomas. It was a bright day with a favorable breeze as we sailed downwind, under the island of St. T., and into Charlotte Amalie. As we sailed toward our berth on the Main Street we shortened sail until (without use of the engine, without even thinking about it Jones,) we came to rest gently alongside - just as the St. Thomas independence celebration - complete with bands and waving dignitaries - passed our lines. We cheerfully and modestly accepted the accolades of the assembled masses with gracious waves and smiles. I'm here to tell you kids it's never like this and, even if we had planned it, could not have been more perfect! Many of the ships company stayed on for some R&R in the islands and, upon the arrival of Westward, the Second Annual Inter-Vessel Softball Game was played on Emile Griffith Field. Happily, I am able to report that CC whipped WWby some astronomical score which I believe was 30-something to just-something. The entire experience of a trans-Atlantic cruise is a rare event for most people. To be able to retrace the route of the Great Explorer, Columbus, 500 years later and to sample in the wake of the first great Oceanographic Vessel, the Challenger, only 100 years removed in time is the rarest of trans-Atlantic adventures. The company of CC-115 is in proud company indeed following this voyage. In the final analysis our trip covered over 4000 nm - nearly double the distance of many SEA cruises. The quantity and, in particular, the quality of the scientific information acquired on this trip is truly impressive. These findings are a tribute to all involved in this cruise but most especially the students of CC-115. As Chief Scientist I thank all for a most enjoyable and educational experience. 17 R. Jude Wilber Cqief Scientist CC-IIS Figures The following section contains most of the figures referred to in the text of this report. The following figure is found as a fold-out in the back envelope: Figure 29 19 Q c· w 0 :> I- ~ CC115 TRANS-ATLANTIC CRUISE TRACK 50 45 40 35 30 25 ( ,...J-,. .... ~ 20 15 10 It: c- \ -90 11/27/90 - 01/07/91 ~ iq ) VV V , .. / MI rae/re 4 , I ~~ EI .~C!' !l!I ;~ jOg. ~nti~ ~ua iii Iil El ~ Imfl ~qiil !:!l ~ EI I , rv ~ -70 • . ... 1iI EI!:!l -50 LONGITUDE Figure 1 21 , -30 r-- , 11_1.._ B -.---r- EIEI Y EIEI EI 1/ El EI -I!!!I ~gr ~r!J~g J / ( -10 N N o SCALE: Lb 11M : -1 ,'J"", z. 3 ~ 5 ------ CotJr5e. Track. A-A. Ba:fhlj fYJetri c. 13-8, transect- 500 M, eMf-our 1Ooo,ISao,IOOO,500 lines I900,18C6 ..... ,lCO 10014. COflto"ur liOe.S 000'( rDIO'~ IDOW Yar;a.ticn Figure 2 Bathymetric Map of the Salvage Islands based on 3.5 kHz seismic data collected during CC-115. Cruise track is shown with light lines. This figure shows the "two peaks and a saddle" interpretation. Contouring by Coler, Karicher and Stone. N \..oJ SCALe: 2.6,,~, 1 fJ .... o Z. 3 'I 5 CO'Jr5~ T n.tG!(_ A-A, 'Bll.-t~Me.+r~C. B-B, t-rQl)seC+ ------1Coo 15CD 1000 ~_ 500 M. eMf-oU' , I ,;I""'" /;nes 100 .. Cel}TOUr I; nes DOO'r: tOI~~ lo°I,N \I Clr;a.-r. 01] Figure 3 Bathymetric Map of the Salvage Islands based on 3,5 kHz seismic data collected during CC-115. Cruise track is shown with light lines. This figure shows the "three peaks" interpretation. Contouring by Coler, Karicher and Stone. SOOrn 5l\.lvegert'\ ?e,,,e.~o iO k"", ------------~oc>..., Figure 4 Bathymetric Profile from SW to NE across the Salvage Island Platforms. Line ofPrQfile is shown on Figures 2 and 3. Depth is in meters, Vertical Exaggeration = lOX. Solid profile line shows "three peaks" interpretation. Dashed lines show alternative "two peaks and a saddle" view. Shelf break is at 30 meters. The islands of Salve gem Pequeno and Salvegem Grande occupy 10-30% of the platform area. Profile by Coler, Karicher and Stone. \ Figure 5 Bathymetric Map in area of sediment sampling along the southern slope of Salvegem Grande. Figure shows cruise track in this area and location of the five samples obtained. Contours in meters. Map by Busby, Henry and Stamat. SRLVEGFM ".\.> GRANDE" .::,. ---.... -lOO- -,.....-_30~ _400 ---- 500---- Goo ----~~~-----------7oo ________ _ -----80 ---- ~OO- 24 Figure 6 3.5 kHz seismic profile of northwest em bank edge of Salve gem Grande Platform. The steep slope is marked at the top by a bank-edge reef (?) and gently sloping carbonate ramp. Pinnacles on the bank top shoal to 35 m. The depth range shown is 0-900 meters, the lateral distance is 3-5 miles. 25 _ .... 9t. .':. '.~ i J' • I t·, .. · , .'.~' .", .. t.f."'I~'''~''I~\.: ::: ':,' :!: '.,:, ,"; '-it.) .'. . . " 1 .. ',' ~ •• " ~ ~. , "I" • ,." 'J.;/'I '..:., ·:i:'!! ... " ',,",!;.: .:, .. : '.;- .1" . ",; .,:.:. f~~"., .. ,~ .... _. . ! ~. rJ\ · : .. ", · .\ :, iJ .' j 4::> I', ....... ·.w ..... · ;(0 .. , . · , .. I': , .1 ,.~ I ":~ ',~ll, ',:; :'; "'1 ,.. ~ 't'} \i f :(, ~: :f);, t,:! ,0'1;; " . ~. '<: .):: i:', .'~., .' ,'. :i 1':'1·\: '.,! ,I i J 'I:. . ~tt .:' .... ;.~; ... \ ~\··}t(.·;!·;:·~)I,·,t·.':;-::~f'i::.·;:·,·~:··r::.:' .' D~ <~ .. ~',".'>':::'" ..... ,.1, + ~~q,II"'.r ' I·~l::;;:'::::;. ! - ~,)...~.-~. ,"~ .~: :,: ',: ; (> '\. ~.. ' 'I, 1_ 1 I '. ,r, , :,', ....• :. ::'; 1. ;';, f'· i !.: '1' >~!~' ~ :,\"', :- ',' J,:',,\', (!:[. 'i':::!i~'.~I:'i:l;:' J '.> '.' ; l :, I·"::···l·,· : ; . t '.; ;. 'Pit 'Ij \~ '0' . ' .. ' '. , . ,.. .. ,' ."jJ ,," .~1 , ". . , 'j' . '. '1 ) " .; : I ':." !:!> .;. ,:'~' ,~'. ~ : : .. . . ',. ~ : ;,: i '.' .",' .. ! ; . .' .. ': '''. . ,,' . ,:"; I : ; ~ ~, " i :: .' "I"! '; • i . ~ ':1' :. '" " ,.1: ::' . :'. ',! .' , , . -.' ; 11' ,'.::: : . . " , .: 1 ',;' ;: : Figure 7 3.5 kHz seismic profile of the southern margin of Salve gem Grand Platform. Vessel was hove-to for fust part (left side) of profile while platfonn surface was sampled. Additional samples were obtained down the adjacent slope. Depth range shown is 0-900 In, second half of profile covers a couple miles. 26 N --.J , 1\0 -, -qoo- 10 '\-0 12CO , I ., ., "r" : I . ' .' . 'I ... , , 'I' ,I' I: '. ',i " I I :" .' II " , i" I' ,I 11; 'I I I I : I , , ·1 .1 . ;1 I :: '1, I . ,I , k ': i ,. "I" , ,.. I "'" . I ! : ' ~. "~:' . . , . , ! " I, 1 ,1 II .' \?,OQ ;, ! I' ,.' '" I .1 ,r I '. , I' I .1, I' " ! i . 'j ! i ' Figure 8 3.5 kHz seismic profile of the middle slope of Salve gem Pequeno . Platfonn. The profile reveals extensive relief on the slope in the 100 m range. The natun~ of the platfonn and its deposits suggests that the slopes are incised with canyons or turbidite chutes which deliver sediment to the lower slope and rise. Depth range shown is 600-1500 meters. Lateral distance covered is approximately 5 miles. .1' I', . ; • I i 'I ; . " , " ," , :1 ! :1 . ':, " :~ " ~I ::x: r- 0- UJ Cl 1S0 F i gyre 9 Cross-plot of Depth of Sample vs. Mean Sediment Size for five samples from the southern slope of Salvegem Grande Platform. "SG" designation indicates Shipek Grab as sampling 56- -:2 device. Shallowest Sample (SG-2) is a pebbly gravel deposit rich .A - in coralline algal nodules (rbodoliths). Finest sediment is a medium ~- ... S~ -1 sand found near 500 m (SG-4). Below this depth planktonic grains -... .A ' _ primarily foraminifera - cause an increase in grain size with depth. ~'" Data and graph by Busby, Henry and Stamat. '. S~-S . \ \ \ \ .S'-4 I I I I f I I • $(;-3 jOOO~--+---~------4-------~-----+---~-- 75% 50% 4.0 J.O j.O 0.5' 0.15 0.Il5 fTlEf1N GRAlN 5l~E ernrn") ~ ~ I c)f o 1.000 '}? ~ Figure 10 Cumulative percentage curves from analysis of slope sediments from Salvegem Grande Platform. Analysis completed at 6 phi sizes (-2, -1, 0, 1,2,3 and 4) for five samples. Samples locations are shown in Figure 9. Upslope samples (SG-I and 2) are coarsest with little sand or mud. Lower slope samples (SG-3, 4, 5) vary in composition but are very similar in grain size distribution. Data and graph by Busby, Henry and Stamat. 1. ~ sao :250 28 3 I:lS N '" ". SA h, e~ e f't\ Gr~"cle .t Salvegem Grande contributes terrigeno -clastic debris to the shelf. This includes sand and some basaltic cobbles. The submerged portion of the bank top is a carbonate shelf with a thin sediment cover of rhodoliths, worm tubes and bivalves. Sediment on the bank top is winnowed of fine sediments leaving a pebbly gravel out to the bank edge. ___ t _ _ _ _ _ ~ - 5: ... ~bo .... "e. S"cr .. - - --~_,..-\ _ J:- B A" \< E:. cl a e /~::./'~; ~ z <:-_--!~l'.~';:>: ':."i-)Y Bank Top / /. : -'"' " _:=~:-:-~::"~I ;:;::;:-::;::-:-____ -=~ __ J Slore . -. - . . ," " . I . Bank Edge The bank edge is a transitional zone which receives sediment from the shelf - primarily coarse carbonate sand . Upper Slope Figure 11· Summary of Sediment Origin, Transport, and Deposition at Salvage Islands Platform, Eastern North Atlantic The slope below 150 meters accumulates finer bank-toD sediments as well as planktonic components. The deposits are generally a medium-to-coarse sand with little mud. Larger grains include rhodoliths and worm tubes from the shelf as well as pteropods from the plankton. Heavy minerals (terrigenous source) are obvious in the finer fractions. Bank Depth w (m) 0 Caribbean Platforms Figure 12 D 90 T \ R -Dominica 0 80 + . W 70 + N -Martinique E 6 0 -~Chall. & Plant. R 50 1 ·s 40 -Lightning -Albatross -Carib __ Alice & -Los Roques Morant 30 20 -Serranilla Schematic classification of carbonate platforms from the Caribbean Sea. Platforms are indicated on a cross-plot of bank area vs average bank depth. In general, small and deep platforms are viewed as "drowners" - those which have been unable to keep up, biologicallyand sedimentologically, with sea-level rise. Larger and shallower banks usually show evidence of "shedding" - i.e., overproduction and export of biogenic sediment from the bank top even during sea-level rise. The Salvage Island Platforms are small and deep placing them in the lower left comer of the plot where "hybrid" characteristics are typical. Figure from Wilber, 1992. SHEDDERS ' _ Saba & cfrenadines -Antigua-Barbuda -Rosalind -Pedro 10 +1----~----4-----+-----r---~-----+-----r--~ o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Bank Area (km2) w ...... ~ J:2/1 r. --" 12/3 fCD} '= . .. -;---.. . .'" .. - .... I Bt.RIPt \ l\/:le): .:.: 1l/~9 ;;':.:.,: L:tSQoA. .:"':: ::.:.:-: ~<::.: ~ it SALVA(;"E r~;/~ft. lSLANDS 1J./lof!j~ :fg @ E/f) CA-NARY . 1l.;~klL 2SLAN"Sj((:" ":" \~/IS .':1/'Y1t (' ~~ 1~'ly :}~: A F RIC A. ':/ . '.' . I&- ••• Figure 13 Reference' ~ap ofcc-il5 Cruise Track for first three weeks of cruise. Map shows daily noon positions from 11128 to 12/15. The location and relative strength of two Cyclonic Storms (L) are shown for 12/1 and 12/9. The small arrows adjacent to track positions show average wind direction that day. The two storms made westward motion difficult or impossible for the first two weeks ofthe cruise. Following their passage the Trade Winds filled in nicely (12-8 to 12-15) and we were on our way across the Atlantic. Map and data from Auerbach, Burt and Scheirer. Figure 14 Summary of Air Temperature (TA) data collected on CC-II5 during first three weeks of the cruise. Figure 14A shows plot ofTA vs Distance as measured by the ship's log. The figure demonstrates the "Big Picture" trend of temperature during this time - that of increasing temperature with increasing mileage which, in the case ofCC-II5, was directly correlated with decreasing latitude. Figure 14 B is a plot of T A vs Cruise Hours. This figure shows an initial rapid rise in temperature as CC-II5 left the Tagus River and Portuguese shelf. The slow rise in temperature around IOO hours is the latitudinal trend. The "spike" near 230 hours is related to the second of two storms we experienced during this time. The latter part of the lot shows the latitudinal gradient with considerable daily variability. Figure 14 C is a expanded plot of T A vs Cruise Hours used to investigate daily temperature cycling over the subtropical ocean. The data reveal a diel cycle (one high and one low per 24 hour period) which makes the overall T A data trend appear as a "climbing sign wave". The magnitude of daily change is 2°C with the daily high occurring in the late afternoon. All graphs and analysis by Aurbach, Burt, Scheirer and Lovett. 32 .. , w w - . . ~ (\) ~ (\) e-(\) E-t ~ G' ~ ~ ~ S-(\) E-t ~ -.. U ~ (\) ~ (\) S-(\) E-t ~ 1~ 14 1·3 14 1·3 I 21.'3 ' 21.8 2<:".'3 20.5 2<),7 20.~ 2').5 ZO.1 Zq 19.'3 19.8 I Figure 14A TA vs Log " . § ~ L o , D e QI o~ ~ e « 0 ~~ o 1e.51 ~ BjijO Y 0 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ I(cljI 8 urn Alo !!P~ ......... ~ m§ oti&lJl ~ ......... ~~o 0 ~O[JJ] . . . . . . . . . ~o Ifj [} q " '" II dMI- / 0 " i F mID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o o [J...; . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . o o o ':J.2 0.4 o.~ 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 (ThQI.''5,md:;) D istance, Ships Log (nm) Figure 14B TA vs Cruise H our 1.5 2 " II g L 10' IJ BiI ~r DIE. . 1 § \ .c <8 "!In fi/"7: o o ~tI~ llifw' IT O ,§ - , 1I~1A'Ji~"'1If 0 I IS 'W ID ~ [} . o E filU 0 0 / I o o ~ 1 0 o I I o I 01 0/ I I I / I I I I I \ \ 0 \ , \ \ \ q I 2<)<,) ¥ i(;', I I I I I 0 \ \ \ \ 0 I \ \ I I / \ \ I I o \ t I fJ C C -llS Cruise H ours Figure 14C TA vs Cruise H our / o / \0 01 \ / \ / \ \ \ o \ \ ~ rY 0 o I I 0 1 / o \ \ \ " \ " o 0 0 0 \ , \ \ \ " ,,0 ok:! " \ , " "0 - - ' - - - ' - - - - ' - - - , 272 276 2eq 284 C C -llS Cruise H ours 2e.~ 2~32. 295 i 0 Figure 15 Summary of Sea Surface Temperature (T s) data collected on CC-115 during first three weeks of the cruise. Figure 15A shows plot of T s vs Cruise Hours. The figure demonstrates the "Big Picture" trend of temperature during this time - that of increasing temperature with increasing mileage which, in the case of CC-ll5, was directly correlated with decreasing latitude. Figure 15B is an expanded plot of T s vs Cruise Hours which clearly shows that the latitudinal trend on rising temperature appears a climbing sign wave indicative of higher-order structure in the temperature data. Figure 15 C is a expanded plot of T s vs Cruise Hours used to investigate daily temperature cycling in the surface subtropical ocean. The data reveal a diel cycle (one high and one low per 24 hour period). The magnitude of daily change is 1°C with the daily high occurring in the late morning or early afternoon. All graphs and analysis by Aurbach, Burt, Scheirer and Lovett. 34 Figure 15A SST V5 Cruise Hour 27 26 25 24 ~ 23 !!! ~ 22 8. 21 \ E \ ~ 20 IfI8 \ f:! / ~ 19 ",ra ra / \ :::l (J) as 18 Ira / \ t8 17 / \ 16 / \ / \ 15 / 14 \ 0 200 400 ~ / CC-115 Cruise Hours \ / / Figure 158 \ / SST V5 Cruise Hour \ -'-'''- '25.2 25 iii iii 24.8 - I:IlI - ra 24.6 II III ~ !Ill ra II 24.4 II !!! 11- IE :::l II '!! 24.2 II 1m II ra II a ra II rallll_ E 24 IImI:I EEEI EI EI ra {!! Ii! II f:! ~ 23.8 ra mra :::l IlEiI - (J) 23.6 =8 8 ra S! ra ra rara (J) 23.4 EEIEiI EiI rac / \ 1m - / 23.2 IE! / \ EiI EiI \ 23 / /m \ 22.8 340 ~ 380 400 420 440 460 \ / CC-115 Cruise Hours / \ " F~gure 15C \ / \ " SST V5 Cruise Hour \ 24.6 24.5 II 24.4 ra ~ !!! 24,3 8 8 raraE! IHI :::l '!! 8. 24.2 II ElElEI ra EI EI E ~ ~ 24.1 EI EI raEl raEl EI :::l (J) 24 EiIEiI EiI II iii CIS t8 23.9 EI EiI 23.8 8 iii IJ ra 23.7 390 400 410 420 430 Cc-1 15 Cruise Hours 35 Figure 16 Summary of Barometric Pressure (PB) and Beaufort (FB) data collected on CC-115 during first thr~e weeks of the cruise. Figure 16A shows plot ofP~vs Cruise Hours. The figure demonstrates the "Big Picture" trend of P B during this time - that of increasing pressure with increasing time which, in the case ofCC-115, was directly correlated with decreasing latitude. In general the P B data is dominated by a series of fluctuations which are directly related to "mesoscale" atmospheric events experinced during this time. Of particular note is the extreme low pressure experience on the fourth day of the cruise as the large Low depicted in Figure 13 struck CC-115. Figure 16B is an expanded plot of P B vs Cruise Hours which clearly shows that the "fuzzy envelope" of values which typifies the subtropical ocean portion of Figure 16A (right) exhibits higher-order cyclycity. In this case the cycles are diurnal (two highs and two lows during a 24 hour period). For the Eastern Subtropical Atlantic in early December, 1991 these daily barometric tides showed "eleven o'clock highs" - i.e. maximum barometric pressure near 1100 and again at 2300. The magnitude of the barometric tide is appproximately 2 mb. Figure 16C is a plot ofFBvs 'Cruise Hours used to investigate the correlation between PB and FB. This plot in conjunction with 16A visually show an inverse correlation between P Band FB. Most notable is the match of highest winds speed (BF=9) with lowest PB (1002 mb). This relationship is expanded on in Figure 17. All graphs and analysis by Aurbach, Burt, Scheirer and Lovett. 36 .. , w " 5' e V ~ f/) e p.. '13 e ~ III 5' e a f/) f/) e ~ () '13 I III S - , - --v ~ & 1:: tS ; ~ 1,028 I.Q2' t 1,024 1,022 1,02 l- 1,018 I- I ,OIS l- 1,014 I- 1,012 l- 1,01 I- 1,000 I- I.~t 1,004- 1,002 ,. 1,021 1.02 I- 1,019 I- 1,018 I- 1,017 1.016 Figure 16A P B vs Cruise Hour ,~ }t..'it.'!~ I'~~;~'~: ........ x~f~ ~,.:.. ~~; ~ x:'" ' .. '-"I .;r.-« 1:,: ~( ~ ,'\,. ~~! :~.~J',xdf~( ~ ~"< ~~v'):J.;:, ~~,~., .:(.. ~. . ~1 ::iJf'" ;><. ;;~:: . .~ >~,,){.,x ..i'.-'iJf1t<: .~.:;{;" ";~; ~~ / \ x >~ ~ .~ >( )i,>'( * j1,. \ '.J. if~;" .:f; 11 ;?- X ,.:' X ~ .. ~~ X £Sft' , ;~~ '~ ~ / / / ~ o ,. 200 / / / / / / ,. CC-115 Cruise Hours ,. ,. / ,. ,. / ,. ,. / Figure 16B ,. P B vs Cruise Hour Ll. a I , , " 1/:' ! j .". J \ .r..' ALt h I '6 A, , 4<)0 \ \ \ .. \ \ \ \ • t:.iI. A, \ ll.\ , IJ., \l 1:<, I 4 M\ I iI I .Il.' r., .Il.' A : 'A , ' , , ,A liM. \ A\ ~. ¥\ I '\ 4 \ f tf j I \ I f b\ 1) I , . , , ~ Ll., ~ A' j ,t/ , \ 1. iI. \ I a Ali t> \ \ 1,01·5 I 410 350 ~7'O ~,) 9 :[ I) I- ·5 I- 41- 3 2 l 0 CC-115 Cruise Hours Figure 16C .6. AA ",A. iJl aa F B vs Cruise Hour &\.6. 1IA A If& .6\ fA iI. iI. 6.& In 6 A .In ..... .6. La A .RIA ta.a.-..6. Ala. All. MM /:,.ll.AIJ. A ll. 6 It:. A A lit>. .6. AMA ... AIIIIl. A.-c. ...-. iI. .6a &.D. fl11. ilAlIli.1m. ~ 111. JG.iI. ~ A .Il.A.6. J,),I. I ALl. A A & l:&IIItIlIIIt.. ~ ..tM .. & I o I 2(> Y-.>G' 4{K> CC-115 Cruise Hours \ , \ \ \ \ " w CXl ,.-... 00 ~ t:o "--' ~ 00 ~ ~ (,) .~ ~ Cl) S o ~ t:o Figure 17 Bp vs FB .':)21 1 ~,~: t "-, 1 :0:~:'1.~. lL '~ ! + , ,("7 "-+ ~ ' ·-·1- +'-/- ,\ .. ' t;:. • :f: . 1 .(> 15 ~ """"'-'" + 1 1 ,('14 ~ ......... + 1 .0 D ~ Figure 17 Regression Analysis of ""''-'' + , ,(, 1 2 ~. Ba:ometricPressure vs Beaufort Force ................. + (wmd speed) for first seventy hours of CC-115. . ......... + The analysis ~elded the following specifics: ."+: ......... * # of ObservatIOns = 63; Degrees of Freedom = 61; '.".". and R2 = .928597. The strong negative correlation =1= ........ , .. between Beaufort Force and Barometric Pressure is a =F ......•.. + direct result of the approach and passage of the large cyclonic =1= ............. ~ , ,(:":)!:!. r- st~rm which bedeviled us the first week of the cruise .. Stongest + · ..... ~i~ -/-. I wmd speeds (Beaufort Force = 9) were recorded at heIght of storm + t ....... 1 ,0:)(;."7 L with the b~rometric pressure at 1006 mb. Analysis and graph by Aurbach, . ~' ............ t- , ._ .. _. _ ~f' Schelfe~ an~~ove~L._ _ I I _ __ ___ _ _ ___ .________ . ····f ,' ......... /i:} __ --I..-. . - L-. __ --LI ___ -J + '.(:11 , 1 ,(" , ,(>(:,,::'1 () 2 4 1:;:' .E!. I I I I .-L---l Beaufort Force (1-10) ;;( 3 LfS 6 7 e 9 to II 1;1. (3 ('t IS"~ (, rs (5 :lof ').3 ~'tln':l.1':te :l~303\ 1'-" ,., JL(----___ ISO t\tn LOG- - LfLf-Of\CWl Figure 18 300-meter temperature section for first 1200 nm ofCC-115. MBT numbers are given along top of section. Depth in meters is shown along the left edge. Periodic mile marks, according to ship's log, are given along the bottom. Contour interval is 10 C. This section was used primarily to examine the formation and movement of the Madeira Mode Waters (MMW) for 1990 and 1991. Results are discussed in text. Section compiled by Hotaling, Melendy and Cutler and Lovett. Figure 19 Three temperature profiles illustrating Madeira Mode Waters (MMW) in the Eastern North Atlantic. "A" is MBT-001 taken ne~r the beginning of the temperature section shown in Figure 18. In this profile the upper, thick (100m) thermostad is the 1991 MMW as it forms at the surface . . "B" is CTD-003 where the upper thermostad layer is subtropical surface water. The thin (30m) thermostad below the seasonal thermocline is the distal (northern) portion of the MMW for 1990. "C" is CTD-008. Here, a 100m-thick layer of 1990 MMW is sealed below the seasonal thermocline and shows evidence of mixing both with the upper layer and the permanent thermocline below. Graphs and interpretations by Hotaling, Melendy and Cutler and Lovett. 40 A ::!i ~ a 21 B c - 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 13.99 MBT-001 11500111/29/90 10273728.3 N 11 35.3 W 130.8 8 /' 1991 MMW 12 16 20 24 28 TempendUre. C TEMPERATURE (oC) •• _01 ••• , ., ... -"" .... J .... 1990MMW I /" // ;/ ,j 303. 0 L....::-~/""=-=-=-~"=':-:-::"" __ -=-=-===---=-=--~-..,...,...,...,~-A : 1 p: 312.95 T: 13.7227 :S': 35.8657 SC: 809 . A:\n03.dat CC115-CTD-~MADIERA MODE WATER 13.00 TEMPERATURE (oC) 22.03 1.003 .. , .. ' .... ,. .. .,.'.J. "...1"." •... '''' ...... ,., ... " j/ j/' 1990MMW 399. 9 ~~:-:-:-:,.........-=--.,..,...,=-:---=-~~:-:--,..."..-..,.,...,..,---_---,-,~~ A : 1 P : 298.19 r : 14.9536 S: 36.0849 SC: 1314 a:\b~8.dat CC115-CTD-~03 H~DIERA "ODE U~TER 41 Figure 20 2000-meter temperature section for first 2000 nm of CC-llS. "A" section is hand-contoured; "B" is same data set contoured with Surfer software. CrD numbers are given along the top of "A" section. Distance in nautical miles, according to ship's log, is shown along bottom of sections. These data were primarily used to examine the occurrence and distribution of Mediterranean Overflow Water in the Eastern North Atlantic. Results are discussed in text. Section compiled by Macdonald, Gutreuter, Cochrane and Kenna. Figure 21 2000-meter salinity sections for the first 2000 nm of CC-llS. "A" section is hand-contoured; "B" is same data set contoured with Surfer software. CTD numbers are given along the top of "A" section. Distance in nautical miles, according to ship's log, is shown along bottom of sections. These data were primarily used to examine the occurrence-.and distribution of Mediterranean Overflow Water·in the Eastern North Atlantic. Results are discussed in text. Section compiles by MacDonald, Gutreuter, Cochrane and Kenna. Figure 22 2000-meter density sections for the first 2000 nm of CC-llS. "A" section is hand-contoured; "B" section is same data set contoured with Surfer software. CrD numbers are given along the top of "A" section. Distance in nautical miles, according to ship's log, is shown along bottom of the sections. Results are discussed in the text. Sections compiled by MacDonald, Gutreuter, Cochrane and Kenna. 42 . 1. \0 tl 13 I~ It ~~==---==;::::::==~::::: 1" =- ~ ~--l~ 3____ ~-------~==~-13 c 5COn'l ~-~ L----__ 1/ ~-----~----- \I ~------::::~ Lf- ~oo 800 1000 IJoo lLiOD Figure 20A Figure 20B C115 TEMPERATURE SECTION CTO 001-016 CONTOUR INTERVAL 1 DEGREE C. 0~~~~~~ -20 ~::::::===:::::===~==::=~ ~:::::: ---15 - ___ -..::::-_--:-. -400 1----_ -600 L -800 .. I -1000 l- n... w -1200 o -1400 -1600 -1800 L------- 10--- ____ ::_'0--=====~----------~ ____ ---5 6...........---- _2~~~---L-~-J __ J-~ ___ J-~ __ ~~ ___ ~~ ___ ~-L~~~~~ 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 DISTANCE, NM 43 1 :t 3 45'_7 \0 \~ l3 14 ~.3 3'.1- ~.9 .'1 ~ 3s.7 ~oo 400 Goo Sec (000 /;;100 {LIeD Figure 2iA -600 L -800 • I -1000 I--:- 0... W -1200 o -1400 -1600 -1800 Figure 2iB C115 SALINITY SECTION CTO 001-016 CONTOUR INTERVAL 0.1 PPT 35 -2000 ~~~~~ ___ ~~ ___ ~~ ___ ~~ ___ ~~~~ ___ L--W~~~ ___ ~ 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 DISTANCE, NM 44 1 3 8 \0 \.). 13 I I I i i 1- I I I I I I • -- ::-- :t,.o 25.S -=---~S~ ........ lS.'t :.=.: :3. ~G..<-t .;),. S ~,., ---::::: ~,-.'+ )..~.O ___ 1'1.0 ----~i. \ -- - Jt.~ __ _~1.~ _ --- --- --:l,1.3 --- ........ _ "J"T.4 - -~jl.S ~1.S --- ~1.' l1.T --- - --== ~1.1 ~ J.1. a -- ---- - ~7.9 - - ---- I I I I 1 ~oo ~oo ,00 800 1000 I. .' I;;tOO ('too Figure 22A · Figure 22B C115 DENSITY SECTION CTO 001-016 o CONTOUR INTERVAL .1 KG/MJ -200 -400 r--_~ -----------27------~-----____ V-------------------~ -600 r--_~ L -800 • 27.5--__ ------27.5 _ _. ~ -1000 r:-------------_ 27. 5 ~-------l 0... w -1:200 o -1600 -1800 -2000 ~~--~~--~--~~--~~--~~--~ __ ~~ __ ~~ __ ~~~ 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 DISTANCE, NM 45 Figure 23 A Temperature-Depth plot for Core of Mediterranean Water and Meddies investigated during CC-115. Scatter plot of data shown is for CTD-OO I. The trends of scatter plots for six other CTDs in the 7-120 C temperature range are depicted as a series of colored lines. In this and the next three figures the following colors are used. Red: CTD-OOI; Orange: CTD-002; Fuchsia: CTD-003; Green; CTD-004; Violet: CTD-005; Brown: CTD-006 and Yellow: CTD-007. Results are discussed in the text. Graph compiled by Rand, Kinney, Gallagher and Lyman. B Density-Depth plot for core of Mediterranean Water and Meddies examined during CC-115. Scatter plot of data shown is for CTD-OO I. The trends of the scatter plots for six other CTDs in the 27-28 Sigma-6 range are shown as a series of colored lines. Results are discussed in the text. Graph compiled by Rand, Kinney, Gallagher and Lyman. Figure 24 A Salinity-Depth plot for core of Mediterranean Water and Meddies examined during CC-115. Scatter plot of data shown is for CTD-O I 0 which shows minor influence of MOW. The trends of the scatter plots for seven other CTDs in the 35-36.0 ppt range are shown as a series of colored lines. Results are discussed in the text. Graph compiled by Rand, Kinney, Gallagher and Lyman. B Temperature-Salinity plot for core of Mediterranean Water and Meddies examined during CC-115. Scatter plot of data shown is for CTD-OO I. The trend of the scatter plots for six other CTDs in the 7-12 °C range are shown as a series of colored lines. Results are discussed in the text. Graph compiled by Rand, Kinney, Gallagher and Lyman. .46 7,009 TEMPERATURE (C) 12.QQ I ' " " , " , ' " I' , I , , ,' I , I I' " , , , " I L " , " ' , , ,' .. ' Figure 23A 2 999 I...-.:---:-==-=-::---:::---:--::"=-:"-=----~-=--:~__=_=_~=_-__=_=_:~--i A : 1 P : 1725.78 T: 6,7968 S: 35,5185 SC: 5152 Q91,dat CCllS-CTD-991, CORE TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE, MED, WATER, 37 9,8'H X 12 S,S/W, 9.000 27.99 , , .............. --..."""'- ' "I"" , ~, , , I, , ,,, , " tl , , , Density 28,QQ Figure 23B ""," " ' , ~ , . . 'I I, I " ':" "', 1 ','" I' .' , 'I. ,,' 'I",. I." " , !" " 1," ' " 2000 I...-.:----:-::-=-=-=~=____:-=--=-=~-=---=--::"":":"::""__=_=_~=_-~~-~ : 1 P : 1082.54 r: 10.3023 S: 35.9493 SC: 7879 091.dat Ce11S-eTD-eel Dens i ty 35,00 0,090 F 12 , ~ U .." 7,000 35,25 sa.l i ni ty 'l;, SALINITV (:1,,) 36,50 1 , '1 .' ,,' " , ' , Figure 24A 919,dat ." , , • I 1 I, I I '" , ' , ' J , , ~ , ' , 36,25 Figure 24 B A : 1 P : 1106,95 T: 1Q,2597 S: 35,9963 SC: 7804 991,dat CC115-CTD-001, C~RE T-S DIAGRAH}OR MEDITERRANEAN WATER, 37 09.81 N X 12 5,51 W l Figure 25 A Cross-plot of Surface Salinity (Ss) vs Cruise Hours for first 700 hours (to Antigua) of CC-115. In this graph the squares are values generated from Bottle 1 at each station; the crosses are from the second replicate (Bottle 2). In general, the surface salinity increases with time which, on CC-115, correlates with decreasing latitude. The major salinity trend here depicted is that of the regional, latitudinal gradient of the Eastern North Atlantic. There is abundant evidence of mesoscale feature sin the latter portion of the graph but these were not investigated. B Plot of the difference in replicate Ss values determined via Salinometer during fIrst 700 hours (to Antigua) of CC-115. !l salinity value was determined by subtracting salinity value obtained for Bottle 1 from that obtained for Bottle 2 at each station. These data reveal good agreement between the values determined on replicate surface samples via this method. In general the !l salinity value is >0.1 ppt. Graphs by Busby, MacDonald, Cochrane and Kenna. Figure 26 A Plot of Surface Salinity (Ss) vs Distance, as measured by the ship's log, for fIrst 1500 nm of CC-115. In this plot the squares are Ss values determined with the CTD during deep hydrocasts. The crosses are the mean values of Ss determined by the two-bottle/salinometer method. In general, the CTD values obtained during steady measurements made at the surface agreed well with the bottle values. B Plot of Surface Salinity (Ss) vs Distance as measured by the ship's log for fIrst 3000 nm (to Antigua) ofCC-115. In this plot the squares are the mean Ss values determined with the two-bottle/salinometer method. The crosses are Ss values obtained from surface water collected at each station and then measured with the CTD in a pickle bucket in the lab. In general the latter method produced widely divergent values as compared to values obtained from surface CTD measurements and the bottles. Graphs by Busby, MacDonald, Cochrane and Kenna. 49 'Sf,;) :J1'."1 :- :J1',2. r- :J7.2 I- :17.1 r 37 I- 'Z' 36.B r c:;l.. S :J6.6 r .?;> 311.71- .-c:: .- :J6.8 r - (IS 00 :J6.5 ~"I- :J6,2. - 3S2 '- 36.1 r :J6 ().7 CO. 6 O.S CO.4 CO.~ 'Z' CO.Z c:;l.. S CO. 1 .?;> 0 .-c:: .- -').1 -(IS 00 -0.2 25 °C and salinity values approach 37.2 ppt. Graph by Busby, MacDonald, Cochrane and Kenna. Figure 28 A Density-Temperature plot for surface data collected during first 3000 nm (to Antigua) ofCC-115. Plot shows the expected negative correlation between density (in Sigma-e) values and temperature. B Density-Salinity plot for surface data" collected during first 3000 nm (to Antigua) of CC-115. This plot shows· an unexpected relationship - a strong negative correlation between density (in Sigma-e) values and rising Ss' This relationship, in combination with that shown in Figure 28A clearly shows that, for the surface waters of our Trans-Atlantic crossing, temperature changes were more important that salinity changes in determining the density of sea water. Graphs by Busby, MacDonald, Cochrane and Kenna. 52 Figure 27 . TS vs Average Bottle SS 37.2 37.1 31 35's -:+:' Pot ~.5 S O· !l8..T -t. .-~ :J5.6 .- -~ C/.} :)8.5 <.' .~:;.:! ".;> .:0:-.:;. -::> ':::c:- . -:.~. 36.4 36.3 3ii2 .:~. :J8.1 35 1M 21Jl' 22.1 2!l.6 2i..2 25.3 Sea Surface Temperature eC) 53 Figure 28A Sigma-B vs Ts 21 25.8 ...-.- 26.8 o co Do CD I o cPo ~ 21).4 0 S 00 bJ) .- 262 ~c:Po 0 00 "-' 0 C 26 [J[J ~o co 0 .- o 0 Cb:J0 "0 en 2S..6 s:: 0 "0 Cl 2S.8 0 o::P 0 0 rfl o oOw R:J u 2S,,4 000 ~ 0 Do 0 cP ~ 25.2 0 D 00 rfb ~ 0 2S D 00 24..6 24.8 24.4 K.e. 11.3 19..5 2m 21.9 22.6 23..6 Sea Surface Temperature cae) Figure 28B Sigma- B vs SS ~t£ 21'.5 I- + ...-.- CD I ~ S 211- bJ) .-00 "-' T ++ TT C 26.5 I- + +T+ .-en s:: 0 25 I-Cl + 0 u + ~ 25.5 I- ~ 00 T ~ 2S 0 I- m 24.5 I- 2iL-~ ______ ~ ____ ~ ______ -L ______ L-____ -L ______ L-______ ~ Sea Surface Salinity (ppt) .. Figure 30 A Plot of salinity values measured at the "core depth" of Sal Max Water on trans-Atlantic transect. Sal Max values on the eastern side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are generally less than 37.0 ppt. Sal Max values on the western side of the ridge are significantly higher - all greater than 37.1 ppt. B Plot of temperature values measured at the "core depth" of Sal Max Water on trans-Atlantic transect. Sal Max temperature values on the eastern side of the ridge are in the 23-25 °C range. On the western side of the ridge Sal Max temperature values are generally greater than 26°C. These subsurface trends closely parallel those found for the surface pools of Sal Max Water on either side of the Ridge (see Figure 27). The higher salinity values found in the west are matched by significantly higher temperature values. This results in a trans-Atlantic Sal Max layer of variable T -S personality but one of equal density. Graphs by Busby, MacDonald, Cochrane, and Kenna. 55 Figure 30A Salinity Max Core vs Longitude ~Ar-------------------------------------------------~ 37.2 - 37.1 37 t- /jI~,----.. ~ / \ / 1 \ I~, Gl\ \ \' '\ 1"l f \ \, ~ ~ V \ /1, \ "/ \\ /'\ \ , \ \ I " \ \ .. / \\ I \ ~ \ I ' ~ West LongitUde Figure 30B "Temperature at Salinity Max core'vs Lorigitude ~(~r--------------------------------------------------~ West Longitude 56 Figure 31 Pie diagrams of the dominant groups of organisms found in the first twelve neuston tows obtained on CC-115. "A" shows dominant organisms in the day tows; "B" shows the dominant organisms in the night tows. Major taxa are similar for both day and night tows. The filter-feeding, herbivorous copepods compose more than 50% of all night organisms while the predatory chaetognaths comprise a relatively high % of the day tows. Since the species present for both day and night tows were similar, the differences in relative importance of taxa is most likely the result of diel migration - particularly on the part of the herbivores. In general, zooplankton biomass was extremely low in all tows obtained on CC-115. All data and graphs by Melendy, Scheirer, Cutler, Hotaling, Coler, Rand, Stone, Lyman and Kenna. Figure 32 Plots of Halobates distribution on trans-Atlantic transect completed during CC-115. "A" shows data from the Net A replicate taken at each station; "B" is from second replicate. In both figures boxes indicate the number of adult Halobates, crosses the number of juvenile Halobates and diamonds the total number for each tow. In general, Halobates were rare or absent during the initial part of the cruise. However, once CC-115 reach the latitude of crossing (16 ~), Halobates were common and became more abundant to the west. In particular, the number of juvenile Halobates increased significantly in a westward direction. All data and graphs by Melendy, Scheirer, Cutler, Hotaling, Coler, Rand, Stone, Lyman and Kenna 57 Figure 31A Dominant Organism in Day Tows Neuston Tows 1-12 Figure 31B Dominant Organism in Night Tows Neuston Tows 1-12 OTI"fR.S ~ T.(I1%) SI~Rf:.s t:J..t%l 35 30 25 CI) Q) 10 .c 0 20 (ij J: -0 ~ 15 Q) .c E ::J Z 10 5 0 II # Adult Halobate + # Juvenile Halobate <> Total Halobates Figure 328 Halobates Distribution - Net B + <> <> <> + <> <> <> <> <> Ill! iii <> + El + + + + I!l m + II iii + I!iI I!iI <> <> + + • II II a 4 6 III # Adult Halobate + # Juvenile Halobate <> Total Halobates 59 <> + I!!I 22 Figure 33 A Plot of Plastic Distribution on trans-Atlantic transect completed on CC-115. This graph shows the distribution of total plastic pieces (boxes) and polyethylene pellets (crosses) plotted against distance, as measured by the ship's log. The highest values obtained for plastic were all in the Eastern North Atlantic on the Lisbon-to-Canaries leg. In most cases the plastic obtained appeared fresh and may be attributed to recent input (dumping) from surface vessels in the heavily-traveled shipping lanes of the eastern Atlantic. Once CC-115 reached the latitude of crossing (16°N) plastic became rare or absent. This distribution was suspected based on the regional oceanic patterns previously determined by SEA vessels. This is the first data set which supports the earlier inteIpretation. B Plot of Tarball Distribution on trans-Atlantic transect completed on CC-115. This graph shows the distribution of mean tarball density determined from replicate neuston tows. The highest values obtained for tar were all in the Eastern North Atlantic on the Lisbon-to-Canaries leg. In most cases the tar obtained appeared fresh and may be attributed to recent input (dumping) from surface vessels in the heavily-traveled shipping lanes of the eastern Atlantic. Once CC-115 reached the latitude of crossing (16~) tar became rare. This distribution was suspected based on the regional oceanic pattenis previously determined by SEA vessels. This is the first data set which supports the earlier inteIpretation. All data and graphs by Kinney, Kaericher, Land and Lyman. 60 "'""' N ] -.... 0 ->< Vl - Q) - -Q) A-. Vl" Q) 0 Q) .-A-. ......, 0 .-Vl s:: Q) Q 0 .- - Vl ~ -A-. "'""' N ] -.... 0 ->< Vl - -~ -e ~ E-< ......, 0 .-Vl s:: Q) Q -~ -e ~ E-< 11 1 '-', v 9 e 7 6 .:; 4 .) 2 c) ·~·.2 .) 2..0 2.6 2,4 2..Z 2 1 ,e· 1 ,f,: 1,4 1 .2 '),,, (;',6 ('.4 '::',2 .... ).5 "'::"I~ (/,e Figure 33A Plastic Pieces and Pellets vs Log 1.2, CC-115 Ship's Log (run) Figure 3313 Tarballs vs Log , ,2 (Th9·.J :5y n d ~) CC-115 Ship's Log (run) 61 1.4 1.4 __ I . 1,6· 1,f, '" tv • -. Figure 34 Bathymetric map of Saba Bank showing CC-lIS seismic lines and sediment sample sites. Bathymetry is based on data collected during CC-IlS, other SEA cruises, and previously published bathymetric soundings. The bank-top of Saba is enclosed by the SOm isobath. The southern and eastern slope of Saba are precipitous (see Figure 35). In contrast, the northwestern slope is very gentle and extended resulting in a pronounced asymm!!try to the platform (see Figure 36) This gross morphological asymmetry is reflected in the modern sediment distribution (Figure 37)and, over time, this characteristic of the bank has resulted from the same ( processes governing modern sediment transport. The work on Saba was accomplished completely under sail as we tacked back and forth - sailing hard against the NE Trade to maximize our seismic coverage. ,- ------------ I :.",' I •. . i, ! " , " .' .• I ~ '.' ,,~!.L~' ,., ... ~: 150 ms: , ' •• ". r : .... 't .•. , '" . p , " ,t'" ';, '-,'; . ,", . • I I.' :.! I' I ',' , I , ' I, : 1 ,1' !,,' :: ~ '.:' " . ,; I ", . ',' _l :,<1 I, ," " 'I , I': .. , 'j ,'" .' ; ", ! '200 m~:' I,' " I' ,!' I " I. t 'I, I , ,':' . " - '," :,' .. ' " . ,'; ,'" I:, ,"j' " , ; Saba Bank South Margin Figure 35 I, \ \ \\' , ' i: \ 1\ \ .' \' \. 3.5 kHz seismic profile obtained on CC-115 across the southeastern margin of Saba Bank. The side of Saba is precipitous and sediment-free. 63 1 I . • ',I ,,'I " .' 1· J; , ' ,. , ._ J ',~ • , . I r :. " e 64 ," c, Figure 37 - Isopach map of Holocene sediment thickness along the northwestern margin of Saba Bank. The bank edge deposits are primarily sand whereas the slope deposits are rich in mud. It is this asymmetric deposition of sediment which, over time, has resulted in the gross asymmetric bank morphology so clearly seen at Saba. Figure 38 Plot of mud % in bottom sediment across the northwestern margin of Saba Bank. These data reveal the major differences between the bank-edge sands and upper-slope muds. The "mud max" which occurs on the upper slope is coincidentally (?) located at the same depth as the Sal Max layer. 65 ; , r r ,- '/ / \ I 1 1 1- \..} I J I ( -' ;' , " , , ,/ ,,- ( , J , .... ~ ~ C ~ _ _ ,.J \ ' \ ....... ,-/-.,. -,.-.. " ./' .... _--; \ , . \ I I \ \ I \ LO I ,... o ,... I U') It) ,... I o ,... DODD I / " ,/ ./ ,/ ;" ,.- .- I,." .". f'....... " ,\ -- -- J I ,/ I I I ." I \ \ " , "- "\ \ \ \ "\ , " I I I ----- \ \ 1 J I " I " .... "\ ) \ \ \ I \ I I I I I J ( I \ \ \ \ \ , I , I I \ \ \ \ ... " \ \ , \ \ \ \ J ) I I " ,..- , I 1-, I I" I "...... ,.""/ -- - --- ~ I " .... _- ;:---------:.~ - - ~ / , / / .J / / I I I. \ \ 1 I \ \ \ "- " , \ I .. ) It ) 0 -100 -200 -300 -E -400 ---- ..c +-' 0.. Q) -500 0 -600 -700 -800 -900 0 Percent Mud vs. Depth Saba Bank Samples C115A-8 1IID~!15-12 ~- Figure 38 - II1II Cll5-l3 .. - ------ "Mud . " ~~m ~ ------~ __ Cll5-l4 Max ------ / Cll5A-6 """ ...... ,,,., 1I-c115-17 --- ,.- -!c Cll 5-l5 Cll5A-4 _ _ -- :- --- - --- - - Cll5A-5 _- 1-- --. _~~crf5:i.---- ~~ I North-Central Slope / Western Slope Bank Edge Sands \. I I Slope Muds . C115A-13 60 80 Percent Mud • CC-115 Data Appendices Including: Appendix A - Surface Trends Data Appendix B - N euston Data Appendix C - MBT Data Appendix D - CTD Data Q c· D?)Y Wf:?d ~··.jed Wed I.Ned Wed t.\lec:l "'J"2d "'led TilU Thu Tilu Tilu Thu TilL!. Thu Thu. Thu Thu Thu TilL!. Thu Tilu Thu Thu Thu Thu Thu Tilu Thu Thu. 1 ;-,u Thu C..-..; I , .,\, F=-r i. Fl'''i C"~ .; J i .. \, Fr":i. Fr··i Fr· 1. F= j'- j .. Fi'""i F "-·! I .... F 1'- 1. r·-l'- i .. 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Ei :22 ~ ,~'::. 2:2.6 ~·!A :2~) n ~S 2:0.9 19.'=1 20.0 2(: II () 2(>:r2 2t):I 5 20.:3 20. ':] :21 tI () 2i 116 2.1 II 8 21."1 2.1..0 20.8 20.5 2() n 5 2(J n 5 :20.5 2() 1:118 ~2() II 9 21 II () ·"·.'{-1 C) ...::.. .. _,,, .. 20.8 20.9 ·-.i·, .j 01:' ••• \. II _' •• '-7: ., 1"'\ .,:. ...... II '_' 1"J'"f "'"7' '.a:....}.." .,:... 21.a 22 tI () r'J"1 0 .,~ .~. " ! 2.1.. .. 7 21" ::' r)·1 .0:; .t...J.. n ~ .• l rJ'1 i"':. ...::....!... :1 ' ... 1 :';::.1. .. 6 :::::.1. .. :;2 LOB CRUISEPRESSURE BF lNed IA!i2d Wed ~'Jed Wed Wed Wed Wr:?d ~Jed Wed Wed [;Jed Wed 'rr',Ll , Thu Thl.\ Thu Tllu Thu l-hLl Thu i .-:: ; /.)'::;. .... , ..1..::....l. • .,:.. .: ',_.I .1:21~:29C l:21:29() .i:'2:L 29() 1212'=70 121.290 1212':/0 1212'-t(: 1217:90 1:212Ci'(} .. .-:. 1 ",.~ ,.-, .l..L. _\..::... ,I "0_" 12129() 1212'=]0 121290 121290 121290 1:21290 12l:~80 1 ... , 'I ";:0,'-; ..... ~.J..._' ,: ,,_" 121390 121390 1:213Cl() .12i3'7'(j 1 -""7r'l "",;!,f..:J {-, _.r:" Hi.. ,_: l '._~ ()7::)~) 0800 (lC?OC 1000 11()(> 1200 .1. ,cl-() 0 1500 1600 1700 1800 1. ';:')00 2100 2200 2300 0000 0100 02()O :.t:~.1.:2 = 1 122~i. 0 12~JO" a .1.2::::~8:1 2 1245.8 125'7'.6 12B2.9 128'7.5 1 "..., ,::)--:' ;:, ,.!.....:.. l .s:_ u .. i r;,o'-:' 0 _\".::" .. or:.. II ,t 12'=13 u (; 1::?93.0 "',!;:.~ 1:~()1 B~; .13l.1.2 1~S16. 7 1~:2()n8 1326.2 'I ":!' -"CI /1 •. 1.. ,_: ,_, I,..} II "T Thu 121390 0800 1344.1 Thu. l"hu. -ri ....... , I t'_', ThLl "rhu. Thl...I. Thu Tl,oiU Thu Thu, Tilu Thu ThL~ F;'-:i, Fi'" .i 1'0, , - r J~. C~"; ! ! •. ':. .1.:'21 :3'7'0 .1 :2: J ::::; '':'; 0 .1. ~~: :,~ :::. ';; C :I. :2: 1 ~:'CiO ·1:"" ·'::'0,··\ .!.. • .:...2.. ._' j ' •• ~ 12.1~590 1 ~,~: 1 ~:)9 0 .1. 21. ::~:C1() 12.1390 1 ~;:.~.1. 3 C)() .121:390 l:?.'t l~·9() :L ~2.1.. !:l(?(} :L~:::1490 J..:~~Jll-9U 12,14S:0 .1 :,? 1l~"-7n 1.100 1.~:':UU l.q,()C: 1 t,,() (1 1'7(}() .18::)() :2:::?()() OLOO 0200 0400 i ~'/ll=' ; J.. '_'-r l II .!. i 7 i.. .. =!" r,:, .!..·_:W·_·" .' .t3~7() 11:.3 1:3'?~! (J 2 1581.6 li~.()~, :18 141.2. '5 '1 /1/')'7 ,'~', .J~ --:: .. :.. 1 :I •• _.' 1434.6 121490 0600 1457.5 Fri 121490 0700 1463.7 Fri 121490 0800 1470.2 Fri 12149U 0900 1476.8 -:: .-:: c. ._I.t:.,. ..... ~··-::-:I ._1 .. :" .' :3~,28 .. :!· ... ')o '_'.t:.,. .' "':!'-:f l ', ._"._I-L.- 337 34.1. -:!' ,., '-:r ·_'-r·_1 ::;4·~~ ::::A~:, ::;,c~6 ',:!'/1 '7 '._" 1 .' 349 3S() --::;:::,'1 ._1 ..... ..:.. -:!,~, •• .., '-' ':.. .. .:... 10::21 = ~i :L()23 n () 1022.5 1(>:21:1 t, 1.020.0 1(>2(}:I 1 1020.4 10:20.1 1021.0 .1.021.0 102.1 . :~: 1(1:2.1u ~S l().l.':'?;o E; 1()18:: 7 lOH3.7 lCHl.2 .1.()l'-y rI () -:!. t:: . '-' .: '-' 2a5 '':!' ,.-\ '_':1 ..• ' 3:r ~) .':!. ,.-, '_' :I "_I -=!' (\ ,_. n .... , 4.0 4.0 4.0 4 .. 0 4.0 4.0 4.0 ":;' (H\ '_' A .'_' :2 ::() ~J. 5 ":!' r.::. ._. ;I '_' .,":" 1:= . ..:.... .. ~-' 353 1019.1 3.0 :;:t" 1. ";:L··~ ._'1-..', •• 1 37() 371 ""'7":~ '._' I '_' :374 -=!,'7':':. '._'! '-.' 76 .1020.0 .1.0.1t:..o .~ ,. '., "i ..• ;-- .. :: .. ' .. '._; _,~ l u '_.' 10:.!.} .. :.!. .J.. () .i~:} :, Cj 101.7.~j 10.13. ,c1- 1017.9 H:~' ",., ,_1:1 ··H' ":: ,.-\ '._' :1 .' .. ' • ..:;, u \) "':'!. ,'-', .... 1 ... "_' "':!' ,.-; '_' I: ,,_, -::!' ,. .. , '_' r. •• _' --:' ~-; .:: .. :: .... ~ : .... ~ ..::' :: ._1 :2 :r ~.: . :2:~~ :: J .. 2L~:: :::3 r-. '-j -7 LL n .... 2:2 u ~i ,-:,:-;. l.. .,:.. . .:...:r '--' .-,r;-, 0 .t:.,. •• '-:a l 22.4 2:2 11 ~l r:r-:::' ,.-, ";"'_' II .• _' .'-:-.-::: ,'-, -'_' ... : n "_I .-;,'.=!' ,.-, ,,:,.,_, U ', .. 1 I'"")'.=!" "':!. ~_,_, It '_' 0'",:,,'.:: "':!" ~' ... ' .. '-' .-.,-=!' ''':!' ..:...·.H' :t ._1 ~2~~; :: .1 2311:2 --;'''':'!' 11 .t:.,.._':r "T ... :-. -::' I:..:~ .z:...._, ...... , .-: •. -:!' iH ..:....._ •• II ,_, :2:~; :: ~.5 --;:r:: C) .t:.. .. :... A 1.-' .... ) "':!' ~::.. .t:.. ' .• ' n .. _' .-,):'.,. l L·":I::':':::' 23.: ~:. :2~:::" ::::; :21 " !~ 22.4 •. ., • .., i... .. :... . .:...:.u 22.4 21 0; ~I ::;;~:.l :r ~[ 2.1:: '7 :-:··1 0 .:: ... .L.:I ... :21 ;,9 21.2 19. :2 'I C, CI .. ,_w n .' If:.1u:2 :;:: .1. II :2 '-"';!' 1 .:: ...... ,,' .} .. :::::;::.1 Z?4 21.u~5 ~:~1 .4 :21. 7 21;, f; .-.., -/ I • .:::'.J.- " C' .-;, 1 Cj .. :. •. .\.. n '._.: ".:-. 'f (J . .:- .. ' .. " '-' :~:.~. "n ··'"j·r -':-' .:::' ,L n ;" '--.i·-:-. c! .::_.1:'." '._.' .. " .. • D\,'<·\f "r., I DATE ,- .,. 'vlL-::-I .J.! 11._ Fri 121490 1000 Fri 121490 1100 Fri 121490 1200 Fri 121490 1300 Fri 121490 1400 Fri 121490 1500 Fri 121490 1600 Fri 121490 1700 Fri 121490 1800 Fri 121490 1900 Fri 121490 2000 Fri 121490 2100 Fri 121490 2200 Fri 121490 2300 Sat 121590 0000 Sat 121590 0100 Sat 121590 0200 Sat 121590 0300 Sat 121590 0400 Sat 121590 0500 Sat 121590 0600 Sat 121590 0700 Sat 121590 0800 Sat 121590 0900 Sat 121590 1000 Sat 121590 1100 Sat 121590 1200 Sat 121590 1300 Sat 121590 1400 Sat 121590 1500 Sat 121590 1600 Sat 121590 1700 Sat ~32. t 1:~.15i..?(i l'7(j~) Si::<.t 121 ~ic:l() 2()()() .t 215'?() :21 (}() Sat 12159() 2:: (H) .t ~;215'=;() 2~)C!(} LO~ CRUISEPRESSURE 14::3::;. ·4 148~':'. 6 i4':t() ~ 2 149/:;..7 1 ~:;04. 9 NA 1525:rC> 1 ~5~5:2 n .i 1538;,3 :L~,44" 3 1~,51.q 1~555118 1558.5 1565.0 1569.8 1~,75.6 1580.4 1587.2 1604 . .1. 161.0.0 161C;?O 16.1./~:l1~' 1621.B .H:.26 .. 0 16::;::; • 6 1 L L ... 1 r.::.. W'-':":r .... , 38C> 381 ~582 383 384 38t.:. 387 ~"::JO ._'\....\-' 38'7 39<) -:rOi "-: !..!.. 392 393 39=; 396 ":rc..")-",.. "_, .. I ~':)99 400 401 402 4():} 40'-1· 405 406 407 408 40'::'> 4:LO 4LL 4:L2 4.1.3 414 41 ~:. ·41.:::. 417 1017.2 .t(>15:1:2 l(}l~:a ~1 l(>:L.S =- ~l 1017.2 l()t~l n 7 1017.7 1017.4 1016.4 1016.9 1016.1 1015.9 1015.9 1016.,1 1016.2 10.1.6. ~I 10.17.0 10.1..7.4 1017.;:1 1017.0 101.::: .. 4 .1016.1 I'·~(i l()lf~ II 2 1 () ."L~;: \' () .10.1./",,6 10H3.0 77 I HF 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4c(; 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3 II () 3=0 3a() :3; n (: 2 II () 2 n () 3.0 ,-5 II!) 3 II () 3 Sf () :::;; II () '':!' (-, ,_I :.I "o • .t ~ ,.-\ .... ' " -'-~ ::; . 0 ~ ..... , ,_, ['I " .. ' TEt-iF 24::C> 24 u(> 23.B ---:-1-:; CJ ...:... ,_, 1:1 ~_.' 23.9 24 II () 2411() --:,~ a "':""_l 1:1 \....J r~-:r 7 L·":. II I 23 .. 8 "") if 1 .::""" a _,_ 24.2 24·:: ~J ...-:. Ii .':; .• :..-'!" c· ... · .-) ,'1 1 .r:... ... !" II.;;" :24 II () '-j""':: I:~ ... ;...._, <: / -.-.... -.,. w'::: -.:) :I •. ::: '-.""':!' ':':J ,:;_,_, " "oJ i···.!P! 2:2 u 3 :22:14 22 II IS r-'i 1 ... :: . ..\.:1 . .!.. 21.2 20.B :22.4 :22 a8 22:r.1. 2·>!{· II (; "'-"':!" 0 '::"'_':a U NA N{~ 2:: n () 22 .. ·6 -...J ()) , TOW a TOW a OATE 1 12/07/90 2 12/09/90 3 12/09/90 4 12/10/90 5 12/10/90 6 12/11/90 7 12/11/90 8 12/12/90 9 12/12/90 10 12/13/90 II 12/13/90 12 12/14/90 13 12/14/90 14 12/15/90 15 12/15/90 DATE 1 12/07/90 2 12/09/90 3 12/09/90 4 12/10/90 5 12/10/90 6 12/11/90 7 12/11/90 8 12/12/90 9 12/12/90 10 12/13/90 11 12/13/90 12 12/14/90 13 12/14/90 14 12/15/90 15 12115/90 16 12/16/90 17 12/17/90 IB 12117/90 19 12/17/90 20 12/IB/90 21 12/IB/90 22 12/19/90 23 12/19/90 24 12/20/90 • TIllE LATlTUOE Lor~GITUOE 1555 30.85 16.15 1I58 29.18 16.37 2240 28.75 17.17 1310 27.08 18.07 2300 26.B3 18.23 1235 25.65 18.80 2237 24.62 19.30 1312 23.40 20.22 2218 22.80 20.58 1248 21.8B 21.48 2234 21.12 21.92 1313 20.28 23.03 2235 19.92 23.85 1106 19.97 25.05 2235 19.73 26.22 TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE 1555 30 51' 169' 1158 29 II' 16 21.8' 2240 28 45' 17 10' 1310 27 OS' IB 04' 2300 26 50' 18.14' 1235 25 39' 18 48' 2237 24 37' 19 17.5' 1312 23 24,1 20 '13' 2218 22 48.4' 20 34.9' 1248 21 53.2' 21 28.9' 2234 21 6.9' 21 55' 1313 20 16.6 23 02' 2235 19 54.9' 2351.0' 1106 19 57.7' 25 3.0' 2235 19 44.0' 26 13.0' 1035 19 26.5 27 27.5' 35 18 53.0' 2B 2B.5' 1341 18 31.0' 29 57.0' 2236 18 08.4' 30 50.0' 1238 17 38.5' 32 11.5' 2239 17 32.9' 33 07.B' 1043 17 00.2' 34 21.5' 2200 17 12.0' 35 22.0' 1033 17 31. 0' 3621.0' '" CC-115 Tar and Plastic Data TOW A LOG PLASTIC AGE TAR (MUAGE fYI!O.HC (II/K~I2) TAR (ML/KM TOW PIECES PELLETS PIECES PELLETS AREA 684.60 19 1 FRESH 1.75 1 10259.18 539.96 944.92 0.001852 869.80 0 0 3.25 2 0.00 0.00 1754.860.001852 916.80 0 0 0.50 1 , 0.00 0.00 269.99 0.001952 992.00 11 3 OLD 3.50 3 5939.52 1619.87 1889.B5 0.001852 1051.80 7 2 MIXED 6.00 3 3779.70 1079.91 3239.74 0.001852 1121.10 1 o OLD 1.00 I 490.87 0.00 490.B7 0.002037 1185.20 1 o FRESH 1.50 2 539.96 0.00 B09.94 0.001852 1260.60 0 0 0.50 2 0.00 0.00 269.9B 0.001852 1294.30 1 I OLD 5.50 1 539.96 539.96 2969.760.001852 1359.20 0 0 0.75 2 0.00 0.00 368.150.002037 1415.70 0 0 1.00 3 0.00 0.00 539.96 0.001852 1486.90 0 0 0.50 3 0.00 0.00 269.98 0.001852 1553.90 0 0 0.75 3 0.00 0.00 404.97 0.001852 1619.90 0 0 I. 75 2 0.00 0.00 944.92 0.001852 1668.90 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001852 ._- CC-115 Halobates Data II OF HALOBllTES LOG TOW SPEED II OF ADULTS II OF JUV. II OF HALES,. OF FEMALES TOTAL II .. 94 ... " 3 1 0 I. 0 1 969.8 2.72 2 0 I' 1 2 916.8 1.87 0 0 0 0 0 992 4.61 I 0 0 I I 1051.8 2.39 55 11 30 ' 25 ·66 1121.1 4.39 2 0 0 2 2 1185.2 3.32 6 8 2 4 14 1260.6 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 1294.3 2.72 0 0 0 0 0 1359.2 2.99 2 0 1 1 2 1·415.7 2.6 2 0 2 0 2 14B6.9 3.75 0 0 0 0 0 1553.9 2.4 17 3 B. 9 20 1619.8 2.3 I 2 ., (I 1 3 1668.9 3.3 5 9 2 3 14 17::'4.2 3.5 0 I ~l 0 1 1806.9 2.4 3 I 2 4 IBE-B.7 2.8 0 0 0 0 1924.9 1.7 6 6 3 12 1999.6 2.7 2 3 I! I 5 2058.2 2.B 17 16 9 B 33 2125.7 2 5 4 3 2 9 21B7.1 2.7 25 70 12 13 95 2252.1 3.5 4 7 2 2 11 --- I TOW 9 PLASTIC AGE TAR (MUAGE l'LfIST1t (II/KM2>TAR (ML/Kll TOW PIECES PELLETS PIECES PELLETS AREA 0 0 0.00 0.000000 ~I 0 0.00 0.000000 2 FRESH 7.50 3 1079.91 1079.91 4049.68 0.001B52 1 FRESIl 3.45 23779.70 539.96 1862.95 0.001B52 6 I 2'FRESIl 5.00 3 3239.74 1079.91 2699.780.001852' !I 1 OLO 1.00 3 1472.61 490.87 490.87 0.002u3?: o MIXED 2.50 2 539.96 0.00 1349.89 O. OO\C:L.~' o FRESH 7.00 2 0.00 0.00 3779.700.001852 1 0 1.50 1 539.96 0.00 809.94 0.001852 0 o FRESH 0.50 1 0.00 0.00 245.43 0.002037 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.002037 0 , 0 0.25 1 0.00 0.00 134.~9 0.001852 0 0 0.50 3 0.00 0.00 269. 8 0.001852 0 0 2.25 3 0.00 0.00 1214.900.001852 0 0 3.00 3 0.00 0.00 1472.61 0.002037 • OF HAL09ATES TOW SPEEO II OF AOUL TS • OF JUV. • OF MALE~ II OF FEI1ALES TOTAL II 2.2 3 0 I 2 3 3.15 0 0 0 0 0, 3.15 50 5 26 24 5~1 3.89 0 0 0 0 2.99 5 1 4 I 2.3 0 0 0 0 0 2.39 7 6 3 4 13 2.99 0 1 a 0 I 3.89 4.84 1 1 0 1 2 1.5 5 3 2 3 B 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 2.6 6 5 4 2 11 3.7 3 6 1 2 9 4.2 4 6 2 2 10 2.7 0 0 0 0 0 1.9 3 6 I 2 '3 2.4 1 I 0 1 2 1.5 5 21 3 2 2b 2.6 I 11 D 1 12 1.5 8 2 .. 2 10 3.3 2 10 1 1 12 o Appendix C MBTDATA 79 MBT-001 11500111/29/90 1027 37 28.3 N 11 35.3 W 130.8 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 == -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-002 1152 11/29/90 1300 37 18.2 N 11 52.2 W 144 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 == -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 81 MBT.;.003 1150031212/90 21:30 34 57 N 1715.7W 425.5 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 :; -140 K 2l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-004 11500412/3/90 0040 34 40 N 17 15.5 W 441.2 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 :; -140 J:i a. -160 2l -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 82 MBT-Q05 115005 12/3/90 0920 34 23 N 17 12.5 W 462.2 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 2 -140 t 2l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-006 115006 12/3{90 1348 34 4 N 17 11.2 W 483.2 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 2 -140 t 2l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature. C 83 MBT-007 11500712/6/90 2347 3211.7 N 16 43W607.5 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ::::!! % -140 ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C , .. ,. ; MBT-OOS C115 00812/07/90 0150 31 59.5N 16 36.9W 620.4 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ::::!! -140 ~ a. -160 ~ -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 84 MBT-010 11501012/7/90 0930 3117 N 16 19 W 660.7 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 t 2l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-011 CC11501112-7,90 1415.31 58.0'N 1611.0W670.65 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :! -140 t 2l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12· 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 85 MBT';013 C115 013 12-08-90 0710 29 59.2 1559.0739.4 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ::IE -140 t c'!l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 . Temperature, C MBT-014 CC115 01412-08-90 1041 30 6.0'N 15 54.5W 760.1 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ::IE -140 t c'!l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 86. MBT-015 . CC115 01512-9-90 0117 29 52 N 1551 W821.4 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 ~ 2l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 .8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT.;.016 . CC-115 01612/9/90 0416 29 31.9'N 15 59.9W840.2 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 ~ 2l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 . 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 87 MBT-017 CC-115 01712/9/90 0900-29 13.6'N 1612.6W 861.0 0 -20 -40 -«l -80 -100 -120 :! -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-018 CC115 018 12/09/90 1734 28 48.5 17 00.0 883.7 0 -20 -40 -«l -80 -100 -120 :! -140 .r:.- a -160 ~ -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 88 . ·MBT~19 . CC115 019 12-09-90 ,2100 28 44.5'N 17.0.0W 916.5 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::!: -140 ( ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 ·8 12 . 16 20 24 . 28 Tel11perature, C 4 MBT-020 CC115 020 12-10-90 0100 28 4O.1'N 1719,OW 924.4 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::!: -140 % ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 .. Temperature, C 89 Q MBT-021 115021 12/10190 0420 28 20.3 N 17 37.6 W 947.9 0 -20 -40 -so -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 t 2l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 8 12 16 20 24 28 4 Temperature. C MBT-023 CC115 023 12/10/90 0917 27 45.5 17· 43.1 982 0 -20 -40 -so -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 t 2l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature. C 90 MBT-024 CC115 024 12/10/90 1830 ,2720,1 1803.5 1024 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 t 8 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 'MBT-02S CC115025 12/10/90,2135 26 58.41810.21043.9 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 t 8 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 ·8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 91 () MBT-026 CC115 026 12/11/90 0125 26 27.8 1823 1063 0 -20 -40 -«l -aD -100 -120 :!! -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature. C MBT-027 115027 12/11/90 0450 26 11 N 1838.5 W 1084 0 L -20 -40 -«l -aD -100 -120 :!! -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 92 MBT-028 115028 1:U11/90 0a00 25 53 N 1845.7 W 1103.3 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :IE -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 TemperatiJre, C MBT-029 11502912/11/90 162525 15 N 1856 W 1043 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :IE -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 93 MBT~30 11503012/11/90 1920 24 56 N 1906.5 W 1165 0 -20 -'10 .$) -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 i 2! -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4- 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-031 11531 12/12/90 0015 23 31 N 19 19 W 1190.4 0 -20 -'10 .$) -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 i 2! -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 94, MBT-032 11532 12/12/90 0325,2412.5 N19 ~.5 W 121Q.4 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ~ -140 t 2!. -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4. 8 12 16 20 24 28 . TemperatlJre, C MBT-033 CCl15 033 12-12-90 091523 35.8' N 20 01.0' W 1247.3 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ~ -140 t 2! -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 TemperatlJre, C 95 . 01 MBT-034 CC115 034 12-12-90 1620 22 48.4' N 20 34.9' W 1277.8 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ~ -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-03S CC-115 03512"13-90 0445 2217.8' N 20 15.2' W 1323.7 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ~ -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 16 24 28 4 8 12 20 Temperature, C 96 MBT-036 CC115 036 12-13-90 0715 22 11.7 21 30 1339.8 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :! -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 24 4 8 12 16 20 28 . Temperature, C 'MBT"037 'CC115 03712-13-90 164721 37.821 30.91380.1 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :! -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 '20 24 28 Temperature, C 97 MBT-03S CC115 038 12-13-90 2016 2117.9 21 43.41400.9 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::!! -140 i ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 '300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C Q 'MBT-039 CC 115 039 12/14/90 0056 21. 01522. 060 1427.6 0 •. -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::i! -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 '300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 . Temperature, C 98 .., MBT-040 CC115 040 ~2/14/90 0357 2051.2' N 20 22;9' W 1445.8 O. -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 S Co -160 l!! -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4' 8' 12 16 20 24 28 Temp!!rature, C MBT-041 ,cc115041 12-14-90 0715 20 4O.0'n 22 42.2' w 1465.8 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 t l!! -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C .. 99 o MBT-042 c-115 042 12-14-90 1705 19 48.9'N 23 18.5W 1519.0 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ::i: -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 12 8 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-043 CC115 4312/14/90 2036 19 SO.9'N 23 43.0W 1542.2 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ::i: -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 8 4 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 100 MBT-Q44 CC11544 12/15190 oci4a 19 '54.3'N 24 02.0W 1562.5 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 i ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 ~. ,8 12 1.6 . 28 MBT"045 . CC115 045 12-15-90 044519 56.0'N 24 29.0W 1586.0 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 i ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 '.8 12 ,16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 10~ MBT-046 115046 12/15/90 0832 19 57.2' N 2447.2' W 1607.8 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 ::! -140 i ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-047 11504712/15/90 18491942.0' N 25 45.5 W 1644.8 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 ::! -140 s: a -160 ~ -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 . 28 Temperature, C 102 . MBT-Q.48 11.5 Q4812/15/90 2100 19 43.2'N 26 01.9W 1859 MBT-049 cc1 ~5.049.12/16/90014O 1951.826 20.0 1680.2 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 ~ -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 ·4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C .> 103. MBT-OSO cc115 050 12/16/90 0515 1950.426 39.4 1700.8 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :!! -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 g 12 16 20 24 28 TemPerature, C MBT-OS1 C115 05112-16-90 085719 30' N 2718' W 1723.6 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :!! -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C " 104. "MBT-DS2 C115 052 12-16-90 1210 19 23.5' N 'Z7 35' W 1742.7 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::::! -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C .. M~"~QS3 . 0115 053 12-~7~90 0349 18 ~.8' N 24 44.9'W 1822.2 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::::! -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 .4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C lOS MBT-054 cc11S 54 12-17-90 0727 18 36.S'N 29 19.6W 1843.7 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 t 2! -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperatura, C " MBT~55 cc11S 055 12-17-90 1738 18 2O.1'N 30 18.6W 1892.6 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 t 2! -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 106 'MBT-056 cc115 05612-17-90 20051815.1'N 30 35.7W 1909.4 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :i -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C ' .. ;MBT~057 cc115 057 12-,18-90 0130 18,05.0'N 30, 58.5W 1938.7 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :i -140 t B -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 107 o MBT-058 CC11S 058 12-18-90 0500 18 01.9'N 31 25.1W 1961.4 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 i 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C " 'MBT-059 CC11S os9 12/18/90 0904 -17 43.5 N 31 si8 W 1990.0 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 i 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 10& \ \, ,MBT-060 CC115 060 12/18/90 1748 17 36.0 N 32 39.3 W 2027.8 \ 0 \ ·20 -W -60 -60 ·100 ·120 ::t ·140 ! ·160 ·180 ·200 ·220 ·240 ·260 ·280 -300 .4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-061 C11506112·18-9O 201017 34.0' N 32 52.5I.W 2043.0 0 ·20 -W -60 -60 ·100 ·120 ::t ·140 t 2l ·160 ·180 ·200 ·220 ·240 ·260 ·280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 109 MBT-062 CC1156212/18!90 2250 1731.0 N 3311.0W2058.4 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 t t!I -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 . -300 ·4 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C , MBT-063 115063 12/19/90 0330 1726.933 30.7 2079.5 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 S c. -160 t!I -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 110 _ o ·MBT~64 C115 064 12-19-90 0712 17 22.6'N 33 53.7 W 2101.55 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 == -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 16 4 8 12 20 24 28 Temperature, C ·:MBT-065 C115 065 12-19-90 1020 17 1.5' N 34 17.3' W 2123.1 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 == -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C lU MBT-()67 C115 067 12-19-90 1740 1659.0' N 34 59.1 W 2163.6 0 .. -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 :IE -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-G6S C115 06812-19-90 2050·17 09.9'N 3515' W2180.3 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :IE -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 11.2 MBT"()69 C115 069 12-2C»O 062S 1721.2' N 35 52.1' W2222.6 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 '20 4 8 12 16 24 28 Temperature, C .. MBT-070 C115 070 12-20-90 1308 17.48.5' N 36 33.0' W 2266.7 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8· 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 113 o MBT-071 11507112/20/90 17571739.93728.42302.0 0 .. -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :!i -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C .. MBT-072 CC115 072 12-21-90 034217 26.0'N 38 11.5W2345.5 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :!i -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 114 o MBT-073 CC115 07312-21-90 082516 sr N 36 ~W 2362,65 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :::E -140 ~ 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4. 8; 12 16 20. 24 28 Tem~re,C .. MBT-074 C115 07412-21-90 142316 52' N 39 56,7'W 2422,9 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :::E -140 ~ 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 TemperatUre. C 115 , o MBT-07S CC115 075 12/21/90 211516 41.3'N 40 23W2460.1 0 -20 -10 -60 -60 -100 -120 ::E -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-076 cc-115 076 12122./90 0505 1629.0 N 41 04.0 W 2500.7 0 -20 -10 -60 -60 -100 -120 ::E -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 116 • MBT-077 115 on 12/'22190 1322 16 08.5'N 41 44.8W 2542.1 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::ii -140 ( 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C .. MBT-078 C115 078 12/'22/90 2105 16 O5'N 42 28.5W 2589.5 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::ii -140 ( 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 117 MBT·079 C115 079 12/23190 0855 15 49.S'N 43 asw 2628.2 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 ::! -140 t c!!I -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT·oao C115 080 12123/90 1327 16 12'N 43 57W 2663.8 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 ::! -140 t c!!I -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 118 , MBT-Q81 C115 081 12/23190 1830 16 12'N 45 05W 2708.7 0 ·20 -40 -60 -80 ·100 ·120 ~ ·140 t 21 ·160 ·180 ·200 ·220 ·240 ·260 ·280 -300 4 12 16 20 24 28 Tempera1lJre, C .. ,MBT~82 C115 08212/24/90 0006 16 05.6'N 45.56.3W 2751.2 0 ·20 -40 -60 -80 ·100 ·120 ~ ·140 t 21 ·160 ·180 ·200 ·220 ·240 ·260 ·280 -300 4 "8 12 "16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 119 a MBT-083 C115 08312/24190 055316OS.3'N 46 38W2790.1 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 ::::!i -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Tempercrture, C MBT.;.084 C115 084 12/24/90 1409 15 57.1'N 47 23W 2830.1 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 ::::!i -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 120 .MaT~85 Cl15 085 .12/24/90 2040 15 51.!rN 48.1o.3W 2872.1 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 _8 12 16 20 24 28 Tem~re.C MBT-OS6 Cl15 08612/24/90 0415 1537,6'N4;8 53.2 2917.2 0 -20. -40 -60 -ao -100 -120 ::E -140 ~ ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 121. MBT-OS7 C115 08712/25/90 104515 11'N 49 43W2961.1 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :::ii -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-OSS C115 088 12/26/90 000515 11'N 50 16.7W 3003 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :::ii -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 122. -MBT-089 0 C1 ~5 089 12/26190 0500 15 29.~N 50 52.2W 3042.2 .. -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 f -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 :8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C ·MBT-090 C115 090 12/26/90 14131538.652 9.0W 3098.4 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 ::E -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 -4 -8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 123 . ·MBT-091 C115 091 12/26190 2030 15 58'N 52 SOW 3143.6 0 .. -20 -40 .«) -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 ~ c'!! -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 TemperSture, C MBT-092 C115 09212/27/900320 15 57.2'N 53 36W 3192.3 0 -20 -40 .«) -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 ~ c'!! -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 124 ~BT-093 C115 09312/27190 071015 45.9'N 5406.1W 3221.5 " 0 ·20 -40 ~ -80 ·100 ·120 ~ ·140 ~ 2! ·160 ·180 ·200 ·220 ·240 ·260 ·280 -300 4 8- 12 16 - 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-094 C115 09412/27/90 1245 15 39.7'N 55 7.9'N 3261.6 0 ·20 -40 ~ -80 ·100 ·120 ~ ·140 ~ 2! ·160 ·180 ·200 ·220 ·240 ·260 ·280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 125 'MBt-09S C115 095 12J'Z1/90 1915 15 39,6'N 55 47.7W 3304.9 0 -20 40 .$) -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 t !!l -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 12 20 4 8 16 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-096 C115 09612/27/90 2340 16 02.5'N'56 37.5W 3341.2 0 -20 40 .$) -80 -100 -120 ~ -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 126 MBT-097 C115 097 12128190 0440 16 16.4'N 57 18.7W 3380.6 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 :::!! -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-098 C115 098 12128190 101316 3O'N 58 OOW 3420.1 0 -20 -40 -60 -60 -100 -120 :::!! -140 t 21 -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 127 MBT-099 C115 099 12/28190 1419 16 36.3'N 58 33.5W 3450.6 0 -20 -40 ~ -80 -100 -120 :e -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C MBT-100 C115 100 12/28/90 2105 16 42.4'N 59 43.5W 3500.6 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 :e -140 t ~ -160 -180 -200 -220 -240 -260 -280 -300 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Temperature, C 128 AppendixD CTDDATA 129 " -9.999 TEMPERATUR~J~J9 32.99 SALINITY (o{8~~9 23.89 DENSITY 39.99 8.899 2999 L-......~~~~ ~-=--~~~ .~-~~--J A : 1 P : 1725.78 T: 6,7164 S: 35,5162 SC: 5185 991,dat 9,990 TEMPERATUR~9,o~ 32,99 SALINIT.Y (o{8~~9 23,99 DENSITY 39,09 8,999 • E .. 2999 ~~~~~ ~~~~~ .~_~~---I A : 1 P : 583,99 T: 11,2743 S: 35,5381 SC: 9697 99Z,dat ... - #<-........ """- 131 9,999 TEMPERATUR~J~9 32.99 SALINITY (o{8~,19 23.99 DENSITY 39,99 .,999 /' " 2900 --..",..-_________ -..1 A : 1 P : 1195,85 I: 9,2471 S : 35,8372 SC:: 81~Bl C-115-CTD-993 33 53N X 17 14W 3,12,99 993,dat 9,009 2009 ~~~~--:--I. _~~~~~ _~_~~----J A : 1 P : 876,84 r : 9,6097 S : 35,5780 SC: 7879 994,dat C11S-CTD-004 31 47,~N X 16 30,8W 7 DECEMBER 1990 1 ') '1 23. 99 DENS lTV 39.99 • 2900 .L-..L.. _____ -----I .!-:-:-~~=_~ ~-~~--..J .. A : 1 P : 521.23 I: 11.5393 S: 35.5577 SC: 8485 995.dat r.r.115-CTD-995 23 ,99 DENS ITY 39, 99 ',999 2~9 ~~~~~ _~~~~~ _~ __ ~~~ A : 1 P : 2149,67 I: 3,9968 S: 35,9835 996,dat CC115-CID-996 12/7/99 17:39 689,25 133 9,999 TEMPERATUR~d~~ 32,99 SALINITY (o{8~~9 23,99 DENSITY 39,99 ',999 2999 ~-----=~~--,-I .!o=-:--:---==-=~-:-:-' ~--=:.--:-:----' R : 1 P : 397,46 T : 12,9734 S: 35,7542 SC: 8889 997,dat CC115-CTD-997 12/8/99 99:47 722,9 9,999 TEMPERATUR~d~~J 32,99 SALINITY (o{8~~9 23,99 DENSITY 39,99 ',999 2999 L.-...:='-~::""""':"':"~~ _I.o.....--~~~ ~-~~--' A : 1 P : 723,44 T: 19,1627 S: 35,4967 SC: 13131 Q9a,dat ce115-CTD-90S 12/9/90 12:54 29 95,S'N X 16 39,91 W 134 9,999 lEMPERATU~J,o~ 32.99 SALINITY (0{B~~9 23.99 DENSITY 39.99 • 2999 ~~~--=---:-:"'. ~~~=-=:-~ ~.....--=-~--, R : 1 P : 469.22 T : 12;3899 S: 35.6757 SC·: 19696 999,dat . CC115-CTD-999 12-19-99 1956 LOG: 991,1 TEMPERATURE(' C) 2 I] SALINITY (0/110)1] DENSITY 9.999 19,i9 3 .9u 38.9" 23.99. 39.99 '.999 2999 ~--:-:--:-:----=---:-:'" .~~~~~ .~_-::-:--=-~_~ R : 1 P : 88,92 T : 23,2133 S: 36.8993 SC: 8889 919,dat CC .L15-CTD-919 12-11-99 19: 42 LOG:J129, 4 9,999 9,999 TEMPERATUR~9~9 -32,9.9 SALINITY (o~ ~a9 23,99 DENSITY 39,99 I) 2999 ~~~~~ =--~~:"':"-:---:-:--' ::-:=-_~~~ A : 1 P : 3,50 r : 23,4355 S: 36,9164 SC: 14545 912,dat CllS-CTD-012 0,900 2909 ~--:-::-:-:--:":"--=-~ _I--.~-=----~....,...-....I A : 1 P : 2023,87 r: 3,7251 S : 35,0058 SC: 5455 913.dat CClls-crD-913 12/13/99 21 5S,2'H X 21 17,0W 136 o 29g9 ~~~~~ .!-:--~~~~ _~_~~ ...... A: 1 P: 796.66 T: 7.3159 S: 35.9146 SC: 2627 914.dat CC115-CTD-914 12114/99 19:39 LOG:1485.6 9.999 TEMPERATUR~J~9 32.99 SALINITY (o{8~69 23.90 DENSITY 30.90 1.999 2000 ~--:-=-::~---=-~ _~~~.....------.I ~--=-=-=-..l:--:----A : 1 P : 1258.61 T: 5.5727 S : 35.9294 SC: 8485 915.dat CCl15-CTD-915 12/15/99 20 9.1'N X 25 95.7'W 137 9.999 IeMPel'atul'e3~~iJ -32.99 Salinity (I'~J.99 23.99 Density 39.99 9.999 2999 ~~~~~ A : 1 P : 115.97 T: 29.9181 S: 37.1955 SC; 12929 16.dat C115-CTD-916 9 .999 TEMPERATUR\~ ~iJ 32.99 SALI NITV (hjJ. 99 23.99 DENS lTV 39.99 8.999 !~ I , •. ".1 2999 ~~~~~~ R : 1 P : 629.31 T: 9.3127 S : 35.2127 SC: 19595 Q17.dat CC115-CTD-917 17 Dec 99 19:45 18 36.9'N x 29 42.Q'W 138 o 9.999 TEMPERATUR\~~~- 32.99 SALINITY (Y~J.99 23.99 DENSITY 39.99 1.999 " :') / I [ l / "., , / " . I r ) I ''''\ \ \ 1 .. 2999 ~--:""!"':~--=----=--! ~~~~~ R : 1 P : 1136.58 T: 5.5955 S': 34.9612 SC: 1819 . 118;dat CC115-CTD-11812/18/91 19:46 LOG 1999.2 17 41.6'N X 32 99.9'W· 1.919 TEMPERATUR~~~i~ 32.99 SALINITY (Y~J.99 23.99 DENSITY 39.99 9.991 / .I / i / I' .. ' .",.1 1 /" ) . /,.... . / l '" \ 2999 '---~~~~ ~~~=-~ ~_--:-:-~----i A : 1 P : 1899.46 T: 3.9987 S : 34.9837 SC: 6465 919.dat CC-115-CTD-919 12119/99 9928 LOG 2.193.8 17 9.8'N X 35 24.8'W 139 I 8,999 9,999 TEMPERATUR~J~~ - 32,99 SALINITV (i'~J,99 23,99 DENSITV 39,99 ~ II E III :l 'tJ ~ f1i > J = III c: ~ Ifl ~ III >- ~ ~ c: " ~ ~ r·· III ~ .... '+- ! 2999 ~--=-=~~~~ ~. : 1 P : 545,64 T: 9,6126 S : 35,1988 . SC : 19393 929,dat :ccI15-ctd-929 12/29/99 2159 2323,4nM 17 34J n 37 48,2J w Ifl III 9,999 ~ E 'tJ = ~ ~ ~ ~ UOO IEMPEMIU~J.~ 32.00 SALINITY (r~j.99 23.90 DENSlTV 39.00 \ " I I : : " " " I I " I I I I 599,9 I I I A : 1 P : -1,73 T : 24,7399 S: 9,3933 SC: 4222 921,dat 15-CTD-921 12/22/99 1952 2533,8 nM 16 24,6JN X 41 33,5'W 140 • 9.999 TEMPERATUR~J:J9 3Z.99 SALINITY (Y~J.99 23.99 DENSITY 39.99 .. , .. , .l (I , ..... . / I! x' 2999 ~--:--=:--~---:-:' _~~~~~...." ~~_~~...,...I R : 1 P : ~1.?3 T : 24.7399 S: 9.3933 SC: 4222 921.dat cells-eID-921 1952 2533.8 16 24.6'H 41 33.5'W , 5,999 TEMPERATUR~J~~J 32.99 SALINITY (Y~J.99 23.99 DENSITY 39.99 8,999 2999 ~--:-="!~~~ ~~~~~ .'-:-:-_~--:-~ R : 1 P : 198,74 T : 16,9395 S: 36,9366 SC: 2143 Jeg,dat-- cc115-ctd-922, 12124/99, 1199, 2819nM, 16 91.9' n x 4? 14.5'w 141 1< i I .----r . ! 30, 00 "32 ,00 SALI NITV (Y~g, 99 23,90 DENS ltV 39, 99 rTT'!"ITTTn'T'I"'T'T'T'T'TT1'T"!'TTT'1'TTTTT'1 o 2099 ~~~--=-~ .~~~-:=::---=-=--' -~---=~o:----J A : 1 P : 369,57 T : 11.9901 S: 35,3479 SC: 2627 923,dat CTD-023 12/25/99 LOG: 2976 ,5 14 59'N x 49 52,1'W MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE ARE 9, 999 TEHPERATUR\~ ~~ 32,90 SALI NITV (Y~J, 99 23,90 DENS lTV 30,99 1,999 -~ \ 2999·' A : 1 P : 36,62 I :.27,9352 S: 36,0326 CCl15-CTD-924 1230 15 46,O'W 51 34,7'W 924,dat 142 -2.999 ,-:-~~_~-:"",:""",,!~~---=-::-:":,,,,:~-:-~ __ ~-:--:----I ~ : 1 P : 141.21 I : 14.9644 S: 36,9893 SC: 9697 991~dat Cl15-CTD-991 TS DIAGRAM 29·U o 33.59 SALINITY 1.. -2.999 ~~~...--~~~----!" ______ ~~~~~_~~----i ~ : 1 P : 583.99 T : 11.2743 S: 35,5381 SC: 9697 992.dat C115-CTD-992 TS DIAGRAM 143 33,59 SALINITY y', ./ ~_oJ" 'J ,." " ./ ... · I" ~~ .. -, ,'1\', .... '~Yi. ,.' I" ,.,,1 :rt~r ~." pi' .. ' ," I " " ,I' " \",. -2,999 ~---:-::"::"'""':=--=--~~--:----=--:.-:"':":~~"":",:,,:,,,_---::,:-:-:--:---' A : 1 P : 2967,45 T: 4,3382 S: 35,1327 SC: 6465 993,dat Cl15-CTD-993 TS DIAGRAM 33,59 SALI NITY y', 36,59 -2 ,999 "-='"--==~:---~~~--:.----=-~~~~_---=~~-..l R : 1 P : 793,17 r: 19,9999 S: 35,5348 SC: 8981 994,dat Cl15-CTD-994 T8 DIAGRAM 144 o C> ~. \ 33.59 SALIHITV x. 19·6 0 \oL' ~ ~ = E-t (C I' ~ ~ ~ :E ~ E-t ,," C. t . ~, .~ /, ..... 08 ." ... -' I.'" ,I" .. ' .. ' 36.59 /1 I .,\.,' I ·2.900 ~~~~~~o:---~-==-:,:,:,:"",,~~=----=:-:-:---I A : 1 P : 1938.45 I: 4.6761 S: 35.1788 SC: 4445 995.dat CCI15-CID-99S 12/7/99 19:22 663.3 33.59 SALIHITV x. ·2. 999 ,""-=-~=-==----:~",:,""",:",-:-:---:---==-=~""",:",,:,",--:"":":,,:,,:,,-_~~---I A : 1 P : 529.95 I: 11.6946 S: 35.5792 SC: 19999 996.dat CCl15-CID-996 12/7/99 17:39 689.25 145 33,59 SALINITY y', 36,59 -2 ,999 ~~~~~~~~-:-:-::~~~-=-=--_-===:-::--:,----' A : 1 P : 397,46 I: 12,9734 S: 35,7542 SC: 8889 997,dat CC115-CID-997 12/8/99 99:47 722,9 :9,~ U 'w' 33,59 SALI HI TV y', 36,59 t 909 Io.....::---:-::~~=--~:-:----:;----=-=-~:---="':~~---=~~..,.j : 1 P : 1549,72 I: 6,1984 S: 35,3455 SC: 9697 998,dat C115-CTD-998 12/9/99 12:54 29 95.5'N X 16 39,9'W 146 .. 33.59 SALINITY (x.) 37.59 29.@ 0 'trI ~ fI re = ~ G: re ~ ~ I: ~ ~ ·2. 999 ~~~_=--~:-:-:---=---==-",:,,::::,~~~_--=~----J A : 1 P : 469.22 T : 12,3899 S: 35,6757 SC: 19696 999.dat CC115-CTD-999 12-19-99 1956 LOe:991,l ! . I SALINITY (x.) 33,59 37.59 29,@ 0 'trI " ~ , ' . ,,' re " " = 1.:1' ," ~ i' "I , ' G: ", ',: re l ~ ~ J I: ~ ~ -2,999 ~-:-!,,~~~:---:-~:---~~~ ______ ~ _____ --J A : 1 P : 1331,95 T: 6.2949 S: 35,2285 SC: 6667 919.dat CellS-CTD-919 12/11/99 19:42 LOe 1129.4 147 25,0 CI "rI 33,59 SALINITV (~) -S· I I" ~.~ ~. ~." . jo- J .... ~ ,." .. t"" ." l' .1.,,:' " •• ,1 " 37,59 . ',' .' . I • . ~ ... -2,999 ~~~-..............,~~~~~~---:-:~---::-:-=--=--:---l R : 1 P : 366,99 I : 13,9787 S: 35,7392 SC: 13131 912,dat CCIIS-CID-912 12/12/99 19:28 LOG 1292,9 33,59 SALINITV (~,) .,.6 ; ,"/ K' I J • 'p' I"'t ~'" {or t'r .0"1" .{", .,,1' " .... \ .. • • ,,1 ,,' . , . '1":" ~ . -2, 999 ~~~~;--:~~--:--~":'::":'--:-:'---:",=-_____ --...,....----..J R : 1 P : 2923,87 I: 3,7251 S : 35,9958 SC: 5455 913,dat CClIS-CID-913 IS DIAGRAM 148 \ I \ i I I I f'I " o 26·0 o 33.59 SALI NITY (y.) ,,\ I' " .' \ " " ' " -2. 998 ~--==-:-:-:~::--:::-:-:-::-=---:---:"=-::-:-:.-:-~---=-=~_~~---..l A : 1 P : 796.66 T : 7.3159 S: 35.9146 SC: 2627 914,dat CC115-CTD-914 12/14/99 19:39 LOG 1485.6 25·0 o 'V 33,59 SALINITY (y.) { ,~. ",.' , ~\ ..•. , I .,' I ,," I ,,' ' .. " I"~Y"~ '''. , , , , . :.' ", 37.59 -2.999 L-.....~---,-.-~~~~~~--=-=~==-~~----i A : 1 P : 517,74 T : 19,7453 S: 35.3662 SC: 19595 915.dat CCl15-CTD-915 12/1~/99 29 9.l'N X 25 Q5.7'W 149 25.~ U 33.59 SALINIT¥ (Yo.) . 37.59 "",:1 .. , , \ ',', ~\~r:'" -2.999 ~ ___ ~~~~~~~~~~~_~~----..J A : 1 P : 148.19 T : 19.3435 S: 36.8223 SC: 12727 916.dat CC115-CTD-916 12/16/99 18 56.9J N X 28 29.9J W 33.59 SALINIT¥ (Yo.) I Y ,It' ",:" .. \ ' , ,,' -2.998 ~~~_~~~_~~~ _____ ~~----.:::I ~ : 1 P : 414.99 T: 12.4589 S: 35.5969 SC: 11313 917.dat CC115-CTD-917 17 DEC 99 19:45 T-S STRUCTURE 150 SALINITY (y..) 'I ","11 ." \ ' /: l • I'" I y' ' l' '.' ;t, !rf~ ) 9.999 ~--=-=~ __ ~~~~~:::":"':"':'--:":'~:==:-_--:-:-~~ A : 1 P : 279.21 r : 13.5499 S: 35.7344 SC: 19595 918.dat CC115-crD-918 18 DEC 99 19:46 LOG 1999.2 T-S STRUCTURE 34.99 26·6 . CI ," " ", ,', .t , ,I' SALINITY (x.) ,," (," ',' 1''' ,. " " i'" " ..: :' ,n '\ . ' ',' ~·t • , " , ' ' " 4,999 ~~~_~~~........-~~~~~_---,-~--J A: 1 p: 275.44 r: 15.9115 S: 35.9823 SC: 19505 919,dat cel15-CTD-919 29 DEC 99 99:28 LOG 2193.8 151 -.... 34,99 SALINIT¥ 26,M = CJ " \,I ,,:t;. . ,~, . " "" ~ = ~ (C ~ , ," .. "" ' , ~ r' " " E " \ "" " I~ • ~ . ' ,I, " " .. ' ,1,- t"' (~ 4,000 R : 1 P : -3,47 t : 23,0103 S : 0,3432 SC : 13006 CC115-CTD-029 12/29/99 2150 2323,4 NM 17 34'N 37 48,2'W 34,99 28,99 SALINITY -', ,',' ",' .' I I I " , ' ",'"' I I ¥ II I ill' ,'. I .' , . . ", " ' • I." I " , ..I', I' I 'I. I I~:I" ,' ... "t",' I'''''' ,,', ·ra'·' .,." I ~, ,,' :c;, "~' ",I,'f, ... c' ~f' 38,99 929,dat 6,999 ~_~_~ ___________ ~ ____ ----J R : 1 P : 47,98 r : 27,1111 S: 36,4548 SC: 3673 923,dat CrD-g23 12125/99 LOG: 2976,S 14 59' N x 49 52.1' W MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE ARE 152 i \ .'1 -" \lUll" ILl IOU." lZ.1 lOUin ILl _II ILl •• ...." .. _na.l .. IlUCn Il.J lIUJIn ILl •• · II .• ,. .. , . ••• ,. •• , . ,. ,. ,. - · ; ; ; ; • • · . -- - --- · • - - - - - - - - • • • • • • • 5 • 5 5 E 5 t • • • " • • • • • • r,~~. " .10", n. ",n. 00:10, .- ~-: <,,-, C<.lrl", " . ..,,,, n. ""n, or ~: 'r.,El(. -",ll . .-", ........ ,onr ~l "r.'''''-''·lrn'''''' """". "-~'l c,-"f ..;-r;'-. . .-",;mr-.-,"";--l";t ,",-.d. CT,"". "'c, " . ..,,,,..--,~: , . '. :. , . ~: ,",-.ri. -",ll.""-",,,,,". ".-,;mr-~ 1I/IiIlI1III1III.\_ n ... III)1.1t \IIl!I'II11II1!ll.111 " ,. I II..! I IWH!HQ: WW'!I lIfIlI!!.1 M ' .I' IIG et.r I 0XIIt"~ w-llil!iIl.! . 1i 11:1'1 I G iu I _ WWllllIlIlIII.U If WIIII'.n can-m-tl W'lI'lIIIIII pIl.! I 11 UlllIllr I «llXI).tllVlVll 1M 1111.1111 "-.i',111I XUX'Hn W1!JW!MI lIit! 11I 1I.rllll'" Western NA Basin ___ 'i -;;>-- - --! • i • " Eastern NA Basin Mid-Atlantic Ridge ; i • • 5 • Figure 29 A series of CTD profiles collected during CC-IlS which illustrate the distribution of Salinity Maximum Water (SMW) and the Mode Waters on both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. On the eastern side of the ridge the SMW is relatively shallow and weak and overlies the Madeira Mode Water. On the western side of the MAR the SMW is thicker and stronger and rests on the IS' Water. The solid line across the figure marks the base of the mixed layer or top ofthe SMW layer. The dashed line across the figure marks the base of the SMW or top of the mode water layers. Data complied by Busby, MacDonald, Cochrane and Kenna.